1. Millenium Development Goals: Employment related Indicators
Valentina Stoevska
ILO Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

2. Summary MDG background Employment related MDG indicators Future work
Definition, calculation, interpretation,
Regional and global estimates
Limitations (example on MDG 3.2)
Future work

3. MDG Employment Indicators Background
Following the 2005 World Summit, and the work of the Commission for Social Development as well as the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on MDG indicators, a new target has been included under MDG1 (Target 1b):
Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including for women and young people
The new target is monitored using four new employment indicators, which are additional to the existing indicator under MDG3 on gender equality.

4. MDG employment related indicators
MDG1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger,
Target B Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including for women and young people
Employment-to-population ratios for persons aged 15+ and youth (15-24) by sex
Proportion of employed people living below the poverty line
Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment
Labour productivity growth rate
MDG3 Promote gender equality and empower women
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

5. MDG Employment Indicators Background
All five employment indicators (under MDG1b and MDG3) are explained in detail in the MDG Handbook to be launched soon.
The Handbook includes definitions, data sources, calculations and analytical examples.
Most of the information prepared for the Handbook is available at
The ILO Guide to the new Millennium Development Goals Employment Indicators is available at:
The ILO Guide is currently being updated.
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

6. MDG1.4: Growth rate of labour productivity
Definition:
Labour productivity represents the amount of output achieved per unit of labour input.
Labour productivity growth rate is measured as the annual change in GDP per person employed.
expressed as a percentage
Formula:
Source of data: labour force survey or other household survey/population census with data on employment, in combination with data from national accounts
Interprétation
Labour productivity can be used to assess the extent to which the economic environment allows for the creation of decent employment opportunities fair and equitable remuneration.

7. MDG1.4: Growth rate of labour productivity, 1999=100

8. Output per worker, 1991, 2001 and 2011 (thousands of constant 2005 PPP-adjusted dollars)

9. MDG 1.5: Employment-to-population ratio
Definition: The employment-to-population ratio is defined as the proportion of a country’s working-age population that is employed. This indicator is expressed as a percentage. Method of Calculation The number of persons in employment is divided with the population for the corresponding sex and age group (either working-age or youth) and multiplied by 100. Formula: EMPPOP15+ = EMP15+/POP15+ EMPPOPYouth= EMP15+24/POP15+24 Source: Source of data: labour force survey or other household survey/population census with data on population and employment Disaggregation: - by sex and age group - by urban/rural residence

10. MDG 1.5: Employment-to-population ratio
Interpretation
The indicator provides information on the ability of an economy to provide employment for those who want to work. Trends in the ratio are monitored to inform policies aimed at increasing opportunities for decent work.
There is no single ‘correct’ employment-to-population ratio, but national EPRs are typically between per cent.
The annual employment-to-population ratio and the ratio’s rate of change analysed in combination with economic growth rates can be used to determine the extent to which economic growth is pro-employment and pro-poor.
Reviewing the indicator by sex (male versus female) and age (youth versus total) also provides a picture of the equality of employment opportunities across different population groups.
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

11. MDG 1.5: Employment-to-population ratio
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

12. MDG 1.5: Employment-to-population ratio, 2009
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

13. MDG 1.5: Employment-to-population ratio
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

14. MDG 1.6: Proportion of employed people living below the poverty line
Definition:
The proportion of employed people living below the poverty line is defined as the proportion of the employed who live in a household whose members are estimated to be living below the poverty line.
 Either the nationally-defined poverty line or the international poverty line of $1.25 purchasing power parity (PPP) per person per day may be used as threshold.
 This indicator is expressed as a percentage of the total employment.
Working poverty rate for persons aged 15+
Formule:
Working poverty rate
Source of data: household surveys with both employment and income & expenditure data; if data on employment and poverty come from different sources. An approximation may be used to arrive at the working poverty rate (WB poverty rate)
Disaggregation:
by age and sex
by sector of employment, status in employment, educational levels, etc.

15. ILO formula for estimating working poor (according to the the international poverty line of $1.25 )
Simplified version:
1. Calculate the upper and lower bound for working poor:
The upper bound = poverty rate * population15+
The lower bound= poverty rate * total employmnet 15+
2. Calculate the no. of woorking poor :
Woorking poor = (uppper bound + lower bound) / 2
3. Working poor rate= No. of woorking poor/ Total employment *100

16. MDG 1.6: Proportion of employed people living below the international poverty line of $1.25 purchasing power parity (PPP) per person per day

17. MDG 1.6: Proportion of employed people living below the international poverty line of $1.25 PPP per person per day
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

18. MDG 1.7: Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment
Approximation for vulnerable employment
Based on status in employment
Classification of status in employment distinguishes three categories of employment :
employees
Self-employed
self-employment who have employees
self-employment who do not have employees (own account workers)
members of producer cooperatives
contributing family workers
Method of calculation:
The sum of contributing family workers and own-account workers divided by total employment multiplied by 100.
Source of data: labour force survey or other household survey/population census with data on employment

19. MDG 1.7: Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment, 1991- 2011

20. MDG 1.7: Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment, 2011

21. MDG 1.7: Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

22. MDG 3.2: Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Definition:
the share of female workers in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector expressed as a percentage of total wage employment in that same sector.
Method of computation
The indicator is computed by dividing the total number of women in paid employment in the industrial and service sectors by the total number of people in paid employment in that same sector.
Share of women in wage employment
in the non-agricultural sector
Sources: Population censuses, establishment censuses and surveys, LFS and other household surveys, administrative records of different type, and official estimates based on results from several of these sources.
Interpretation
the degree to which labour markets are open to women in industry and services sectors (affects equal employment opportunities for women)
flexibility of the labour market and economy’s ability to adapt to changes over time
the degree to which women are integrated into the monetary economy
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

23. MDG 3.2: Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

24. MDG 3.2: Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

25. MDG 3.2. Limitations
Measures the degree to which women have equal access to paid employment
But critisized because:
non-agricultural wage employment represents only a small portion of total employment, especially in the developing countries
contribution of women to the national economy underestimated and misrepresented
difficult to interpret,
does not reveal that there are different types of non-agricultural wage employment
Does not measure equality of:
employment income,
quality of employment,
unpaid household work
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

26. Complementary indicators to MDG 3.2
Employment in informal economy
Wage differences
Occupational segregation ( - Segregat)
Presence of children, and their impact of activity rate
Working hours
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

27. Share of women in agricultural employment, 2008
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

28. Share of women in managerial and all occupations (average for the period 2000-2008)
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

29. Informal employment in and outside informal sector, by sex, as % of female/male non-agricultural employment
Women
Men

30. Distribution of total employment by status in employment, women, 2008 (Percentage)
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

31. Share of employers in total employment, 2011 (Percentage)
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

32. Future work
The ILO will continue to work with countries and other partners to:
(a) enhance the national statistical capacity of countries to produce the data needed for estimating the indicator;
(b) develop national analytical capacity to produce good quality imputed country values for use by countries in their monitoring of the MDGs and other development programmes;
(c) ensure that all data available at national level are collected in a way that will be of least burden to countries.
(d) Cooperation by the countries much needed.
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics

33. Questions ?
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics