1. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [1] Microwave Remote Sensing (MRS) Presented by Kishore Kumar Parida EC200117313 Under the guidance of Mr. Rowdra Ghatak

2. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [2] What is microwave remote sensing? A special application of microwave communications technologies for the purpose of collecting geophysical information about targets (objects and media) without making physical contact. Microwave reflections or emissions from earth materials bear no direct relationship to their counterparts in the visible portions of the spectrum.

3. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [3] There is an interaction between the EM waves and matter. The target imposes a modulation on the EM wave which becomes its identifying characteristics. Sensors use microwave communications technologies. Active (radar) and passive (microwave radiometry) measurements. How does it work?

4. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [4] Passive: uses natural energy, either reflected sunlight or emitted thermal or microwave radiation Active: sensor creates its own energy Transmitted toward Earth Interacts with atmosphere and/or surface Reflects back toward sensor (backscatter) Active and Passive Microwave Sensors

5. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [5] In the microwave region of the EM spectrum, the power collected by a microwave antenna is: P blackbody = k T b * bandwidth Microwave Brightness Temperature, T b, of a media is the product of the media emissivity and its physical temperature. For blackbodies,  = 1.0 T b =  * T phys Microwave Radiometry

6. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [6] Microwave Radiometer KB*(receiver gain) T sys = Radiometer Output power T sys = T ant + T Rec Where K=Boltzman’s constant B=bandwidth T Rec = (1-NF)*290 K; NF=Receiver noise figure T ant = scene brightness temp collected by antenna Resistor noise Antenna Receiver Square Law detector LPF Trec +

7. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [7] Radiative Transfer Theory The T B measured by spaceborne radiometer is the linear sum of individual contributions from the atmosphere and surface

8. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [8] Defense Meteorological Support Program (DMSP)

9. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [9] Three Day Average of Some MRS Parameters

10. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [10] What is a Microwave Scatterometer? A special purpose radar sensor that measures scattering from the earth’s surface i.e., a scatter-meter If the objects are having smaller wavelengths,then scattering occurs

11. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [11] Satellite Microwave Scatterometer P r = P t * σ Where σ = ocean Scattering coeff. Or Normalized radar Cross-section

12. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [12] Scatterometer Applications Ocean Wind Vector (wind speed & direction) Hurricanes & Typhoons Sea Ice Imaging Land Imaging

13. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [13] Antarctic Sea Ice Imaging

14. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [14] Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave remote sensing of rainfall TRMM Microwave (Radiometer) Imager Precipitation Radar

15. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [15] Greenland Ice Melt - 4 day intervals

16. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [16] Precipitation Radar - Hurricane Rainfall Image

17. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [17] Synthetic Aperture Radar Generally refers to the case of a moving radar and a stationary target- usually an extended scene, such as the surface of the Earth. ISAR refers to the case in which the radar is relatively stationary and a rotating target provides all(or most) of the motion to create the synthetic aperture.

18. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [18] Comparison Between RAR and SAR

19. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [19] Comparison Between RAR and SAR

20. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [20] SAR Modes

21. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [21] Side-Looking Radar System

22. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [22] SLR Operation

23. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [23] Conclusion microwave sensors provide valuable geophysical measurements Remote sensing satellites provide global coverage each day Day/night all weather Atmosphere Water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation Sea Ice and land snow cover Ocean Surface winds, sea surface temperature

24. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [24] REFERENCES [1] Lillesand Thomas M. and Ralph W. Kiefer,”Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation”, fourth edition, chapter 8,pp. 616-692 [2] Sullivan Roger J., “Radar Foundations for Imaging and Advanced Concepts”, Chapter 7, pp.191-194 [3] http://www.engr.ucf.edu/centers/cfrsl/ [4] http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/ [5] Ulaby, F.T., R.K.Moore, and A.K.Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Addison-Welsey, Reading, MA; vol.1: Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and Radiometry, 1981;vol. II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory, 1982;vol. III.

25. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [25] THANK YOU

26. Technical Seminar Presentation-2004 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Kishore Kumar ParidaEC200117313 [26]