1. Barriers Against Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water DVGW-Technology Center Water (TZW) Karlsruhe, Dresden branch TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 TOXIC

2. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Consortium of TOXIC * member of EWRI (European Water Research Institutes)

3. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Content Introduction Results of work packages Published results Case studies

4. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Guide lines for drinking water WHO: 1.0 µg/L MCYST-LR Australia: 1.3 µg/L MCYST-LR Cylindrospermopsin (in discussion) Anatoxin-a (in discussion) Saxitoxin (in discussion) Germany: 0.1 µg/L each single toxic compound …..

5. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Figure 2.2:Strukture of Microcystins

6. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Figure 2.3:Strukture of Anatoxin-a, Saxitoxin and Cylindrospermopsin

7. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Structure of TOXIC

8. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Detailed Structure of TOXIC

9. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Work-segments Production of standard materials Design of evaluated analytical procedures Lab scale experiments Pilot scale experiments Full scale monitoring

10. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 1 - Co-ordination and Project Management Participants:TZW  Protocols  Reports  Public presentations

11.  Data base of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in European waterbodies  Establishment of an Internet-Based Platform on cyanobacteria and-toxins in European waterbodies (cyanobacteria-platform.com)  List of suitable methods for early-warning of cyanobacterial bloom TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 2 - Raw Water Quality Participants:UDU, TZW, AAU, UAL, ULO

12. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 3 - Analysis Participants: AAU, UDU, ULO  Supply of pure cyanotoxin standards  Know-how transfer and inter-calibration exercises  Provision of Standard Operational Precedures (SOPs) for cyanotoxin analysis (PPIA, ELISA, HPLC/UV, MS)

13. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 4 - Conventional Treatment Participants:TZW, UDU, DHI, UEX, UAL, ULO  Test of different treatment trains  Cyanotoxin biodegradability and degradation kinetics (aerobic and anaerobic)  Risk assessment for treatment trains (intra- and extracellular toxins)

14. Toxin release - pilot plant studies

15. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 5 - Polishing Treatment: activated carbon  The application of activated carbon (PAC !!!) is one of the most efficient measure for dissolved toxin removal

16. The efficiency of activated carbon dichloroethene trichloroethene atrazine Activated carbon in mg/L MCYST-LR

17. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 5+6 - Polishing and Final Treatment: oxidation and disinfection Participants:EAWAG, UEX, WRc, UAL, ULO  Kinetic data base for oxidation of cyanotoxins by oxidants (chlorine, chlor-amine, chlorine dioxide, permanganate, ozone)  Assessment of the influence of water quality parameters (DOC, alkalinity, pH, temperature, ammonia) on toxin oxidation

18. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 5+6 Polishing and Final Treatment

19. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 7 - Alternative Techniques Participants:Kiwa, UAL  Protocol of optimised membrane filtration procedures (ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reversed osmosis)

20. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 7 - Alternative Techniques Participants:Kiwa, UAL Nanofiltration: Toxin 72 h Feed in µg/L Permeate in µg/L Rejection in % MC-RR7.8ND> 99 MC-LR9.00.1 99 MC-YR7.1ND> 99 MC-LA1.2ND> 93 ANT-a4.80.1796

21. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Final project outcome – published results Participants:all partners  Providing of an Analytical Manual (ISBN: 951- 765-259-3)  Providing of a European Best Practice Guidance Manual for selection, design and operation of treatment plant, raw water monitoring and toxin analysis (tom.hall@wrcplc.co.uk)  Providing of a commercially available software package for treatment process simulation (tom.hall@wrcplc.co.uk)

22. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 in 2008: International Guidance Manual for the Management of Toxic Cyanobacteria Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 RISK ASSESSMENT IN SOURCE WATERS Chapter 3 MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF CYANOBACTERIA IN SOURCE WATERS Chapter 4 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MONITORING PROGRAM Chapter 5 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PLANS Chapter 6 TREATMENT OPTIONS Chapter 7 CASE STUDIES A paper of the Global Water Research Coalition www.globalwaterresearchcoalition.net

23. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case studies

24. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case study I: pilote scale Raw water quality TreatmentToxin elimination Microcystis aeruginosa Anabaena Cell bound toxins: av. 1.0 µg/L Dissolved toxins: n.d. Pre-oxidation with ClO 2 Coagulation Filter I Filter II (GAC) 0.05 µg/L (cell bound) 0.05 µg/L (diss. = toxin release) complete

25. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case study II: pilote scale Raw water quality TreatmentToxin elimination Planktothrix rubescens Cell bound toxins: av. 1.5 µg/L Dissolved toxins: av. 0.08 µg/L Preoxidation with permanganate Coagulation Filter 1.0 µg/L (cell bound) 0.41 µg/L (diss. = toxin release) 0.85 µg/L (diss. = toxin release)

26. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case study III: pilote scale Raw water quality TreatmentToxin elimination Microcystis aeruginosa Anabaena Cell bound toxins: av. 2.5 µg/L Dissolved toxins: av. 0.1 µg/L Pre-oxidation with ozone Coagulation Filter 0.05 µg/L (cell bound) 0.50 µg/L (diss. = toxin release) n.d (cell bound) 0.91 (diss. = toxin release)

27. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case study VI: pilote scale Raw water qualityTreatmentToxin elimination Planktothrix rubescens Cell bound toxins: till 1.6 µg/L (10 5 cells /mL) Dissolved toxins: 0.1 µg/L UF-mambrane (dived, dead end) TMP: - 0.20 till - 0.34 bar complete (cell bound) n.d. (dissolved)

28. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Conclusions Toxin removal (cell bound and dissolved) with high efficiency is possible !!! The non calculable risk is the toxin release – an efficient additional barrier is the use of activated carbon.

29. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Geoff Codd Jussi Meriluoto Tom Hall Hanne Kaas Urs von Gunten Bas Heijman Maria Rosa Joanna Mankiewicz Malgozata Taczynska † Juan Acero Jose Meneira Gayle Newcomb Bill Harding Ingrid Chorus Many thanks