1. USEPA Regulations By Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D., P.E. Water/Wastewater Consultant www.mixeddisinfectants.com Presented to Entrepreneurs Association of Bari May, 2004

2. INTRODUCTION * Arsenic * Ground Water Rule * Lead and Copper * Microbials and Disinfection Byproducts * Radionuclides * Radon

3. ARSENIC * MCL = 0.010 mg/l from 0.050 mg/l * Compliance by January 23, 2006 Best Available Treatment Technology * Maximum % Removal Ion Exchange95% Activated Alumina95% Reverse Osmosis>95% Modified Coagulation/Filtration95% Modified Lime Softening (pH >10.5)90% Electrodialysis Reversal85% Oxidation/Filtration(20:1 Fe:As)80% * Pre-Oxidation may be required

4. GROUND WATER RULE * Require 4-log inactivation of Viruses * Perform System Sanitary Surveys * Hydrogeologic Sensitivity Assessment * System must restore disinfection within 4 hours

5. LEAD AND COPPER RULE * 20% of Lead Exposure is from Drinking Water * Action Levels = 0.015 mg/l as Pb & 1.3 mg/l as Cu * Operate Corrosion Control * Systems replace Pb service lines * Permit more flexibility in sampling and frequency * Effective January, 2000 (Minor Revisions)

6. MICROBIALS & DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS * Cryptosporidium is Target Organism * Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule a. MCLG of Zero for Cryptosporidium b. 2-log Cryptosporidium removal by filtration c. Individual filter turbidity monitoring d. Disinfection profiling and benchmarking e. Require covers for finish water reservoirs f. Sanitary surveys for all surface water systems g. Tightened turbidity performance criteria * Filter Backwash Recycling Rule

7. LONG TERM 2 ESWTR If your bin classification is…… And you are a conventional treatment in full compliance with IESWTR or LT1ESWTR then your additional treatment requirements are……. BIN 1 Cryptosporidium = <0.075/L No additional treatment required. BIN 2 (Cryptosporidium = 0.075/L to <1.0/L) 1 log treatment(systems may use any 1 log treatment (systems may use any technology or combination from toolbox as long as credit is at least 1 log). BIN 3 (Crptosporidium = 1.0/L to <3.0/L 2 log treatment(1 log credit from ClO 2, O 3, UV, membranes, bag/cartridge filters, or bank filtration). 2 log treatment (1 log credit from ClO 2, O 3, UV, membranes, bag/cartridge filters, or bank filtration). BIN 4 (Cryptosporidium = 3.0/L or higher 2.5 log treatment(1 log credit from ClO2, O3, UV, membranes, bag/cartridge filters, or bank filtration. 2.5 log treatment (1 log credit from ClO2, O3, UV, membranes, bag/cartridge filters, or bank filtration. Conventional Treatment Requirements Per Bin Classification * Add 0.5 log to Bins 2, 3, and 4 for Direct Filtration Plant in Compliance with LT1ESWTR

8. DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS * 1979 – 0.10 mg/l system average for TTHMs * Stage 1 D/DBP Rule: Chlorine = 4 mg/l (MRDLG); Chloramines = 4 mg/l (MRDLG); Chlorite = 1.0 mg/l; TTHMs = 0.080 mg/l(system Avg); Bromate = 0.01 mg/l; Chlorine dioxide = 0.80 mg/l * Stage 2 D/DBP Rule: TTHMs = 0.080 mg/l at Maximum Annual Average HAA5 = 0.060 mg/l at Maximum Annual Average

9. RADIONUCLIDES ContaminantMCL (Year Established) SourceHealth Effect Combined radium-226/228 5 pCi/L (1976)Naturally occursRisk of Cancer (Adjusted) Gross Alpha 15 pCi/L (not including radon or uranium) (1976) Naturally occursRisk of Cancer Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity 4 mrem/year (1976) FacilitiesRisk of Cancer Uranium30 ug/L (2000)Naturally occursToxic to kidneys, and risk of cancer Best Available Treatment: Ion Exchange, R.O., Coag./Flocc., Green Sand Filtration, Barium Sulfate Precipitation, EDR, Manganese Oxide Filtration, Activated Alumina

10. RADON Option 1: MCL = 4000 pCi/L with multimedia mitigation program to address radon risks in indoor air Option 2: MCL = 300 pCi/L without multimedia Mitigation Program to address radon risks in indoor air. Best Available Treatment: High Performance Aeration Source: 1%-2% from Drinking Water; 98% indoor air

11. What the Best Plants Do. 1. Use ClO 2 or O 3 for Pretreatment Disinfection 2. Reduce DBPs to proposed Stage 2 level 3. Eliminate all Taste and Odors from Raw Water 4. Filter Effluent Turbidity is less than 0.10 ntu 5. Reduce influent TOC levels by 50% 6. Use Automatic Cl 2 Cylinder changeover capability 7. Automatically shutdown plant for low chlorine 8. Automatically shutdown plant for high turbidity 9. Use Computersto Automate Operation 9. Use Computers to Automate Operation 10.Require 100% Operator Certification and have written operational procedures.