1. Chapter 42
Sensory System

2. Sensation, Perception, and Cognition
Ability to receive and process stimuli through sensory organs
Perception
Ability to experience, recognize, organize, and interpret sensory stimuli
Cognition
Intellectual ability to think
(continued)

3. Anatomy and Physiology Review
Central and peripheral nervous systems act to accomplish three purposes:
Collect stimuli from receptors at end of peripheral nerves
Transport stimuli to brain
Conduct responses to stimuli from brain to responsive motor centers in body
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4. Anatomy and Physiology Review
Sensation and perception consists of afferent and efferent nerve pathways
Cognition includes memory, affect, judgment, perception, and language

5. Assessment Focuses specifically on client’s ability to: Hear See Taste
Smell
Touch

6. Disorientation Mentally confused state
Person’s awareness of time, place, self, and/or situation impaired

7. Sensory Disorders Change in perception of sensory stimuli
Can affect all five senses
Sensory deprivation
State of reduced sensory input from internal or external environment
Sensory overload
State of excessive and sustained multi-sensory stimulation
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8. Eye Anatomy

10. Eye Anatomy

11. Anterior Parts of the Eye

13. Impaired Vision Blindness Partially sighted Many visual aids available
Central visual acuity 20/200 or less with corrective lenses
Partially sighted
Visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/200 in better eye with glasses
Many visual aids available

14. Refractive Errors Myopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Nearsightedness
Farsightedness
Astigmatism
Asymmetric focus of light rays on retina
(continued)

15. Refractive Errors Presbyopia Strabismus
Inability of lens to change curvature in order to focus
Strabismus
Inability of eyes to focus in same direction
Corrected with glasses or contacts
This slide added. 15

16. Normal Vision

17. Hyperopia Far Sighted

18. Myopia-Near Sighted

19. Foreign Bodies May cause excessive tearing and redness
If particle not located and removed, instill sterile fluorescein drops or strips to visualize minute foreign bodies not readily visible with naked eye

20. Cataracts
Disorder that causes lens or its capsule to lose transparency and/or become opaque
As clouding develops, visual impairment occurs
Treatment:
Surgical removal of lens

21. Cataracts

22. Cataracts
Normal
Cataract

24. Glaucoma
Disorder characterized by abnormally high pressure of fluid inside eyeball
Treatment:
Drug therapy to reduce intraocular pressure and iridectomy
Procedure to facilitate drainage of aqueous humor

27. Normal
Mild Glaucoma
Severe Glaucoma

28. Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
Inflammation of conjunctiva
Contagious
Causes:
Bacterial, viral, or rickettsial organisms, allergens, and irritants
Symptoms:
Burning, itching, discharge, swelling, pain, and redness of eyes
Treatment:
Warm compresses and antibiotic ointment

29. Conjunctivitis

30. Retinal Detachment Painless separation of retina from choroid
May result from trauma or intraocular disorders
Treatment:
Procedures that create inflammatory reaction that results in retina reattaching to choroid and surgery

31. Retinal Detachment

32. Macular Degeneration Atrophy or deterioration of macula
Central vision lost, but peripheral vision remains
May be caused by aging, injury, infection, or inflammation of macula
Help client maximize ability and prevent further damage if exudative

33. Macular Degeneration

35. Severe Macular Degeneration

36. Keratitis Inflammation of cornea Causes: Symptoms: Treatment:
Infection, irritation, injury, and allergies
Symptoms:
Severe eye pain, red and watering eye, photophobia, reduced vision, and sometimes rash
Treatment:
Optical anesthetics, mydriatics, and antibiotic solutions
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37. Stye (Hordeolum)
Pustular inflammation of eyelash follicle or sebaceous gland on lid margin
Cause:
Staphylococcal organisms
Symptoms:
Pain, redness, and swelling
Treatment:
Warm compresses and topical antibiotics
(continued)

38. Chalazion Cyst of meibomian glands Symptoms: Treatment:
Painless localized swelling that develops over period of weeks
Treatment:
Surgical excision

39. Chemical Burns Emergency treatment:
Immediate lavage of eye with tap water
No attempt should be made to neutralize chemical
May cause further injury
Both eyes should be patched for comfort

40. Impaired Hearing Conductive hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss
Inability of sound waves to reach inner ear
Sensorineural hearing loss
Inner ear or cochlear portion of cranial nerve VIII abnormal or diseased
Once cause determined, client and doctor can decide on best therapy

42. Ear Website

44. Otitis Media Inflammation of middle ear Symptoms: Treatment:
Ear pain, fever, redness of auricle and ear canal, and sometimes enlarged lymph nodes
Treatment:
Topical heat, analgesics, antihistamines, decongestants, antibiotics, myringotomy, and tympanoplasty

46. Otitis Media
What treatments would be used for this problem

47. Myringotomy

48. Otitis Externa Also known as swimmer’s ear
Bacterial infection of external ear canal
Symptoms:
Red and edematous canal skin, mild conductive hearing loss, and discharge

49. Ménière’s Disease Also known as endolymphatic hydrops
State of hearing loss characterized by tinnitus and vertigo
Symptoms:
Classic triad of vertigo, tinnitus, and unilateral fluctuating hearing loss
Treatment:
Drugs, surgery, and dietary changes
(continued)

50. Otosclerosis Most common conductive hearing loss
Secondary to pathologic change of bones in middle ear
Symptoms:
Subtle changes in hearing and low-pitched tinnitus
Treatment:
Do nothing, hearing aids, and surgical stapedectomy

51. Acoustic Neuroma
Slow-growing and usually benign tumor of vestibular portion of inner ear cranial nerve VIII
Symptoms:
Dizziness, tinnitus, and hearing loss
May involve other cranial nerves with tumor growth
Treatment:
Short-term pharmacological therapy and surgical excision of tumor
(continued)

52. Mastoiditis Inflammation of mastoid Causes: Symptoms: Treatment:
Chronic or recurrent bacterial otitis media
Symptoms:
Earache, fever, headache, and malaise
Treatment:
Antibiotics and surgical intervention

53. Taste Serves as protector Provides delightful sensations
Can be altered secondary to neurological disorders or trauma
Works very closely with sense of smell

54. Smell Serves as guardian from danger
Disorders of olfactory sense often go unnoticed
Body cannot regenerate olfactory cells

55. Touch Sensations pertaining to skin
Tactile receptors located throughout integumentary system
Clients with reduced or loss of tactile sensation risk injury when condition confines them to bed

56. Infants with Special Needs: Birth to 12 Months
Chapter 60
Infants with Special Needs: Birth to 12 Months 56

57. Otitis Media Inflammation of middle ear Symptoms: Prevention:
Irritability, pulling at infected ear, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and hearing loss
Prevention:
Proper positioning when feeding and smoke-free environment
Treatment:
Medications and myringotomy for recurrent infections
(continued)