1. Minerals Mrs. Griffin Hannes GrobeHannes Grobe 23:31, 16 December 2006 (UTC

2. What is a mineral? What are some uses of minerals? How do we differentiate a mineral from a piece of wood or a human? Minerals & history? What is a rock?

3. Minerals vs. Rocks Earth’s crust is composed of ~ 3000 minerals – which play an important role in forming rocks. Rocks are aggregates (mixtures) of minerals. So... minerals are the building blocks of rocks.aggregates A question for the future: How do minerals come together to form a rock?

4. Minerals What is a mineral? Naturally occurring (not man-made) Inorganic, salt vs. sugar Solid (not made of liquid or gas) with a definite crystalline structure which give it unique physical properties.  Solids have definate shapes and volumes  Most are compounds, quartz: oxygen and silicon

5. Composition and Structure of Minerals To understand how minerals form, we need to understand the characteristics of elements and atoms. Chemical Elements Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals. There are over 100 known elements.

6. Composition and Structure of Minerals Atoms Atoms are made up of: Atoms  Nucleus, which contains Protons (atomic number)- positive electrical charges and Neutrons - neutral electrical charges (P +N = atomic mass)  Shells which surround the nucleus and contain Electrons - negative electrical charges The weight (density) of an element depends on the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.weightnumber

7. Structure of an Atom Nucleus Electron Nucleus (neutrons & protons)

8. Chemical Compound Na + Cl - NaCl

9. Combining Elements to Form Minerals Elements combine with each other to form a wide variety of minerals (chemical compounds) The new mineral (compound) will have very different physical properties from the elements that combined to form it The atoms in minerals are arranged in regular geometric patterns

10. “Definate” Crystalline Structures A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns Minerals can grow in a closed or open space thus determining its crystalline struture

12. Chemical Compound Na + Cl - NaCl

13. “Rock Forming Minerals” The most common rock forming minerals are composed of 8 elements: Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) Magnesium (Mg) There are just a few dozen minerals that we call the rock-forming minerals.

14. Most Common Earth crust elements Oxygen (46.6%), Silicon (27.7%), Aluminum (8.1%), Iron (5%), Calcium (3.6%), Sodium (2.8%), Potassium (2.6%), Magnesium (2.1%)

15. Composition of the Crust The most abundant elements in Earth's crust are: Oxygen (46.6% by weight) Silicon (27.7% by weight) The crust

16. Mineral Groups 1. Silicates (96% of crust minerals) - based upon SiO 4 Quartz Feldspar

17. 2.Carbonates – based upon CO 3 calcite dolomite rhodochrosite

18. Carbonates (cont.) malachite azurite

19. 3.Oxides – combinations of metals and oxygen hematite magnetite uraninite

20. 4.Sulfides – combinations of metal + sulfur Pyrite – FeS 2

21. Mineral Resources Ore - rock that contains useful metallic minerals that can he mined at a profit. Since 98% of the Earth's crust is made up of 8 elements, an element/mineral has to be concentrated at levels above normal for profitable mining.

22. A Rock is an Aggregate of Minerals QuartzAmphiboleFeldspar

23. Identifying Minerals Minerals have lots of different properties that help us identify them. Crystal form, Luster, Color, Crystal form Streak, Hardness, Cleavage,Hardness,Cleavage Fracture, Specific gravity, Taste, Smell, etc.

24. Mineral Color Mineral color is often governed by presence of Mg, Fe (dark) or absence of these elements (light).

25. Mohs hardness scale 10. Diamond4. Fluorite 9. Corundum3. Calcite 8. Topaz2. Gypsum 7. Quartz1. Talc 6. Potassium Feldspar 5. Apatite

26. For Next Time How do minerals "mix" together to form rocks? What is the rock cycle ?rock cycle