1. Solutions

2. Solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another substance

3. Components of a solution
Two parts of a solution: the substance being dissolved (solute) and the substance doing the dissolving (solvent)

4. Aqueous solution
Solutions in which the solvent is water are aqueous solutions (most common)

5. Tinctures
A solution in which the solvent is alcohol is a tincture Ex: iodine tincture

6. Characteristics of a solution
Mixture of two or more substances
light passes through it
particles are uniformly distributed

7. Ions and dissociation
Ions are atoms with a positive or negative charge

8. Electrolytes
Solutions that conduct electricity are electrolytes (sodium chloride and silver nitrate)

9. Non-electrolytes
Non-electrolytes form solutions that do not conduct electricity (sugar, alcohol, benzene)

10. Questions
What is a solution?
What are the two parts of a solution?
What are three properties of a solution?

11. Questions
What’s the difference between an aqueous solution and a tincture

12. Question
If you wanted to dissolve a substance in water as quickly as possible what could you do?

13. Ways to increase dissolving rate
In order to increase the rate in which a solution dissolves one could heat the solution, stir it, or crush the solute particles

14. Solubility
The measure of how much solute can be dissolved in a solvent is solubility

15. What affects solubility?
The three main factors that affect solubility are temperature, type and the amount of the solvent

16. Effervescence (fizz)
The escape of a gas from a liquid is effervescence (example: soda and alka seltzer)

17. Concentration
Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent

18. Concentrated vs. dilute
A solution with a lot of solute dissolved is concentrated
A solution with a little solute dissolved is dilute

19. Types of solutions
A saturated solution contains all the solute it can possibly hold
An unsaturated solution contains less solute that is possible

20. Supersaturated solution
A supersaturated solution can be made to hold more solute than is normal

21. Question
Compare a saturated, unsaturated, and a supersaturated solution

22. Questions
What is solubility and what are the three factors that affect it?
What are three ways to increase the rate in which a solute dissolves?

23. Water
Water is the universal solvent
A substance that cannot dissolve in water is insoluble

24. Polar vs. non-polar
A polar molecule has oppositely charged ends (+ and -)
Non-polar molecules have the same charges on its ends

25. Rule for dissolving solutes in a solvent
Like solutes dissolve in like solvents (polar in polar, non-polar in non-polar)

26. Hard water vs. soft water
Hard water contains dissolved metal ions
Soft water does not contain dissolved metal ions

27. Freezing point depression
Lowering the freezing point of a solution as a result of the dissolved solute (freezing point depression) Ex: antifreeze in water

28. Boiling point elevation
Raising the boiling point of a substance by adding solute (salt in water)

29. Questions
What is the difference between polar and non-polar molecules?
What is the general rule for dissolving solutes?

30. Questions
What is the difference between hard and soft water?
How does a solute affect the freezing point and the boiling point?

31. Suspension
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles are large enough to be seen (solute is suspended)

32. Colloid
A colloid is a homogeneous mixture that is not a true solution (does not separate, solute remains suspended)

33. Acids
Properties of an acid: sour taste, affecting the color of indicators, turn litmus paper from blue to red, pH 1-6.9

34. Weak acids vs. strong acids
Weak acids (pH )
Strong acids (pH about 1-3; common acids: sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and acetic acids

35. Bases
Bases are slippery, bitter taste, turn litmus paper from red to blue pH

36. Bases
Common bases potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide

37. Weak bases vs. strong bases
Weak bases ( pH)
Strong bases (11-14 pH)

38. pH scale
Measures hydronium ion concentration (strength of the acid or base)
pH scale ranges from 0-14 (7 is the neutral point) water

39. Salt
Salt is a compound formed when an acid is mixed with a base (positive ion from a base and a negative ion from an acid)

40. Neutralization
A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and a base combine to form salt and water

41. Precipitate
A precipitate is an insoluble substance crystallizes out of solution (ex: salt from a neutralization reaction)

42. Precipitation reaction
The process of forming a precipitate is precipitation

43. Questions
What is the pH scale used for?
What is the pH range for an acid, a base?

44. Questions
What are some properties of an acid? Of a base?
Describe neutraliztion.
What is a salt?