1. Chapter 13
Periodic
Trends

2. Objectives
Describe how Mendeleev arranged the elements in the periodic table
Explain how the predictions Mendeleev made and the discovery on new elements demonstrated the usefulness of his periodic table

3. History on the Organization of Elements
Antoine Lavoiser
- organized known elements (very few) into metals, non metals, gases, and earths
Dmitri Mendeleev
- organization based on a popular card game solitaire
- each card had the elements name, mass, and properties
- lined up the cards in order of increasing mass, found a pattern
- elements with similar properties were in the same column

5. Mendeleev Predictions
- could not make a complete table, only had 63 elements leaving many spaces between elements
- used properties of other elements to predict undiscovered elements properties

6. Mendeleev
Evidence
named some of the missing elements, and predicted some of their properties
as elements were found scientists were able to verify properties and even explain chemical behaviors of elements in groups

7. Periodic Law
Mendeleev’s periodic table was completed before the discovery of protons.
by looking at certain trends, among the elements a new organization was created
Periodic Law
- pattern of repeating properties displayed by elements in the periodic table
SO….the periodic table is now arranged by atomic number instead of atomic mass

8. Objectives
Describe the arrangement of elements in the modern periodic table
Understand the trends that established the modern periodic table
Locate periods and groups in the period table

9. Valence Electrons Definition
- an electron that is in the highest occupied energy level of an atom
- determine the properties of elements

10. Lewis Dot Structures
electron dot diagram, where each dot represents a valence electron
ex.
Practice Problems
Br K
Be Al

11. Ions
Definition
- an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge
ex. Cl-, Ca2+
Formation of Ions
- atom gains or loses electrons (protons electrons)
- atom is no longer neutral
- become a cation or an anion

12. Ions Cont. - cation (+): lost electrons
- now name of atom + ion : sodium ion
- anion (-): gained electrons
- now ends in ide: Chloride

13. Organizing the Elements Cont.
Atomic Radii:
- half the distance between the nuclei of the same atoms bonded together

14. Atomic Radius Trend #1 Shielding Effect Hydrogen (1s1)
Atoms get larger going down a group
Lithium (1s2 2s1)
Sodium (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1)
Shielding Effect

15. Atomic Radius Trend #2 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p1 1s2 2s2 2p3
Shrinking Effect

16. Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm)Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Sr Rb In Sn Sb Te I Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At

17. Atomic Radius Atomic Radius increases Atomic Radius increases H Li K FNa K Fr F At
Atomic Radius increases

18. Trends of the Atomic Radii
- at certain intervals, atomic radii is dramatically greater than that of the previous element

19. Trends of the Atomic Radii

20. Organizing the Elements Cont.
Ionization energy:
- amount of energy required to pull an electron away from an atom to form a positively charged ion
- generally increases with increasing atomic number
- at some points, when atomic number increases there is a dramatic decrease
ex. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

21. Ionization Energy A + E A+ + e-
Energy needed to remove one of atom’s electrons from its outermost shell
A + E A e-
Reflection of how strongly an atom holds onto its outermost electron.
Atoms with high ionization energies hold onto their electrons very tightly.
Atoms with low ionization energies are more likely to lose one or more of their outermost electron.

22. Ionization Energy Ionization energy increasesH Li Na K Fr F At
Ionization energy increases
Ionization energy increases

23. Trends of Ionization Energy

24. Trends of Ionization Energy

25. Electron Affinity A + e- A- + E
Energy released when an atom gains an electron to form a negative ion/anion.
A + e A E
Measure of an atom’s attraction, or affinity, for an extra electron.
Electron affinity increases within a period from left to right. As one goes down a group, electron affinity decreases.

26. Electronegativity
Ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. H Li Na K Fr F At
Electronegativity increases
Electronegativity increases

27. Ionic Radius
Anion (negative ion), its size increases, since the nuclear charge remains the same but the repulsion resulting from the additional electron(s) enlarges the domain of the electron cloud.

28. Ionic Radius
Cation (positive ion) smaller than neutral atom, since removing one or more electrons reduces electron-electron repulsion but the nuclear charge remains the same, so the electron cloud shrinks.
From top to bottom of a periodic group both the atomic radius and the ionic radius increases.

29. Ionic Radius + Li F Li+ F--
Changes in size when Li reacts with F to form LiF

30. Tl Pb Ionic Radii of Representative Elements (nm) Rb Cs 1A 2A 3A 4A 5ALi Be O F B C P S Na Cl Mg Al Si As Se K Br Ca Ga Ge Sb Te Rb I Sr In Sn Bi Po Cs At Ba Tl Pb

31. Organizing the Elements Cont.
* Because other properties of the elements follow the same pattern, it is natural to group the elements according to these intervals

32. Organizing the Elements Cont.
each row is commonly referred to as a period
- there are 7 periods
- each period is placed on top of each other, giving rise to columns, known as a group

33. Organizing the Elements Cont.
- slight modifications of He; nothing in common with the 2nd elements of the other periods
- Helium moves right until it is aligned with other similar elements such as Ne, Ar, and other noble gasses
- 2nd period we slide B through Ne
- 3rd period we slide Al through Ar

34. Results of Organization
7 periods (Across)
- Atomic Radius decreases
- Ionization energy increase
- Electron Affinity increases
18 Groups (Down)
- Atomic Radius increases
- Ionization energy decreases
- Electron affinity decreases
- Elements have similar chemical and physical properties
- # of valence electrons are the same

35. Organizing the Elements Cont.

36. Objectives
Identify general properties of the metals, non metals, and metalloids.
Describe how properties of elements change across a period in the periodic table

37. How are Elements Classified?
Three Regions
- metals, and nonmetals, and metalloids

38. Metals Metals - include group 1 -12 and some elements from 13 -16
- most known elements
- good conductors of electricity/heat
- solid at room temperature, except mercury
ex. Na, Ag, Pb

39. Non Metals
Definition
- elements that are poor conductors of electricity/heat
- low boiling points, SO…most are gases at room temperature
- varying chemical properties
ex. He, F, P

40. Metalloids Definition
- elements with properties that fall between those of metals and non metals
- chemical properties will vary, usually most like the region they are closer to
ex. As: closer to non metal most of it’s property will resemble that

42. Families of the Periodic Table
Families/Groups
Alkali metals
Alkali Earth metals
Boron Family
Carbon Family
Nitrogen Family
Oxygen
Transition Metals
Halogens
Noble Gases

43. Alkali Metals Definition
- highly reactive metallic elements in group 1
- react with water to form hydrogen and alkaline solutions; burn in air
- al-quili means wood ashes
- term dates back to ancient times; people discovered that wood ashes mix with water to produce slippery solutions that can remove grease
- one outer electron, by losing this electron they become a cation, and become stable

44. Alkali Metals Cont. - soft metals; can be cut with a knife
- shiny, but dull quickly due to oxygen and water in air
- good conductors
- gaseous states at high temperatures become plasmas
ex. Na, Cs, Rb

45. Alkali-Earth Metals - group 2 elements
Definition
- group 2 elements
- comes from idea of “Earth”, materials unable to light on fire
- reactive metallic elements with two electrons in the outermost energy level
- harder, denser, stronger and have higher melting points, lower reactivity than alkali
ex. Be, Ca, Mg

46. Transition Metals Lanthanides
- shiny, metallic transition metals (58 – 71) in which electrons are added to 4f orbitals
- located at the bottom of the periodic table for convenience
Actinides
shiny metallic transition metals (90 – 103) in which electrons are added to 5f orbitals
located at the bottom of the periodic table for convenience
radioactive

47. Halogens
Definition
- nonmetallic elements in group 17, that have 7 electrons in the outer most energy level and combines with many metals to form salts
- term comes from Greek means “salt former”
Salt: a compound composed of positive and negative ions arranged in a regular 3D pattern
- most reactive group of nonmetals
- varying physical properties, similar chemical properties

48. Noble Gas
Definition
- elements in group 18 that are characterized by low reactivity
- term comes from noble people, did not associate with anyone other then their kind
- characterized by an octet of electrons in the outermost energy level; (happy)
- exception of helium
- very stable, (unreactive)
- colorless, odorless
- practical applications: balloons, illumination

49. Hydrogen most common element in the universe
behaves unlike any other element due to its structure of 1 p 1 e
react with numerous elements
component of all hydrocarbons, and molecules that are essential to life; fats, proteins, carbohydrates
practical uses
ex. ammonia, fertilizers

50. Metallicity
Ability of an atom to lose an electron TREND: Increases from top to bottom Decreases from left to right

51. Summary of Periodic Trends
Metallicity inreases
Atomic Radius increases/ Ionic size H Li Na K Fr F At
Electronegativity increases
Electron affinity increases
Ionization energy increases
Metallicity increases
Atomic Radius increases/ ionic size
Electronegativity increases
Ionization energy increases
Electron Affinity increases

52. Challenge
Arrange the following groups of atoms in order of decreasing atomic size:
B, Al, Ga
Sn, Sb, Te
Cd, Si, Ga
As, P, Cl

53. Answers a. Ga, Al, B b. Sn, Sb, Te c. Cd, Ga, Si d. As, P, Cl
e. Cl, O, F

54. Challenge
2. For each of the following pairs, predict which element has (1) the larger radius, and (2) the larger ionization energy:
Na & Cl
C & O
Li & Rb
As & F
Ne & Xe
N & Sb
Sr & Si
Fe & Br

55. Answers (1) Na, (2) Cl (1) C, (2) O (1) Rb, (2) Li (1) As, (2) F
(1) Xe, (2) Ne
(1) Sb, (2) N
(1) Sr, (2) Si
(1) Fe, (2) Br

56. Challenge
3. List the following ions in order of increasing ionic radius: N3-, Na+, F-, Mg2+, O2-
4. Indicate which one of the two species in each of the following pairs is smaller:
Cl or Cl-
Na or Na+
O2- or S2-
Mg2+ or Al3+
Au+ or Au3+