1. Diversity of Modern Life

2. Kingdom Monera (“Monerans”)
Smallest and simplest lifeforms
Unicellular (one-celled)
no nucleus
Bacteria and cyanobacteria

3. Bacteria
Three basic shapes:
round (cocci)
rod (bacilli)
spiral (spirilli)

4. Questions
What are two characteristics of the organisms in Kingdom Monera?
What is meant by unicellular?
What are the three shapes of bacteria?

5. Kingdom Protista(“Protists”)
Single-celled or multicellular
more complex than organisms in Kingdom Monera
nucleus
protozoans (animal-like)
algae (plant-like)

6. Protozoans
Kingdom Protista
no cell wall or chlorophyll
internal digestion
no locomotion (some)

7. Algae
Cell walls
Chlorophyll
Photosynthetic
Placed in groups according to color and structure

8. Questions
What are some characteristics of Protists?
What are the two types of Protists?
How are the two types of Protists different?

9. Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular; complex
cell walls, no chlorophyll
Threadlike fungi (bread mold)
club fungi (mushrooms)
sac fungi (yeast and mildew)

10. Questions
What are some characteristics of Fungi?
What are the three groups of fungi?

11. Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular, cell walls, and chlorophyll
Largest and longest-living things on Earth
Vascular or Nonvascular

12. Nonvascular Plants
CANNOT conduct water
Example: Moss
Moist environment

13. Vascular Plants
CAN conduct water
Capable of living in drier areas
Club mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

14. Gymnosperms
Seed plant
name means “naked seed”
Most are conifers

15. Angiosperms -Flowering Plants
Seed plant
name means “covered seed”
Seeds are produced inside ovaries
A ripened ovary is a fruit
largest/most diverse plants

16. Questions
What is the major difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
What are three plant characteristics?
How are vascular and non vascular plants different?

17. Sponges (invertebrate)
Simplest of the animal groups
lives in salt water attached to the bottom
Hollow central cavity
Two layers of body cells with tiny pores

18. Coelenterates (invertebrate)
Jellyfish, hydras, and corals
two cell layers
Live in water
hollow body with a single opening

19. Questions
What are three similarities between coelenterates and sponges?

20. Flatworms (invertebrate)
Flattened body; mostly parasitic
one body opening
two eyespots (light detection)
Turbellarians (free-living)
Planarians (freshwater Turbellarians)

21. Roundworms (invertebrate)
Rounded shaped
two body openings (eating and waste expulsion)
mostly free-living
Ex: Nematodes and hookworms

22. Segmented Worms (invertebrate)
Rounded, segmented bodies
two body openings
has five hearts and a brain
Ex: leeches and marine tube worms

23. Questions
In what major way are the three types of worms different?
How are the segmented worms MOST similar to the roundworms?

24. Mollusks (invertebrate)
Soft-bodies, no shell: (octopus/squid)
well-developed organs
some with shells: (clams/oysters)

25. Arthropods (invertebrate)
Largest group of animals
multiple body segments
jointed appendages (legs/arms)
exoskeleton (hard outer covering)

26. Arthropods (continued)
Well-developed organs
insects, lobsters, crabs, and spiders

27. Echinoderms (invertebrate)
Spiny skinned animals
star fish (sea stars), sand dollars, sea cucumbers
flexible arms; tube feet
known for regeneration (ability to grow new body parts)

28. Questions
What is the major similarity between mollusks, echinoderms, and arthropods?
Which group of organisms are known for regeneration?
What is regeneration?

29. Questions
What is the largest group of animals?
Describe an invertebrate.
An octopus and a clam belong to what group of invertebrates?
How is an endoskelton different from an exoskeleton?

30. Vertebrates
Have backbones
body with a head and most have appendages
endoskeleton (internal skeleton for support/protection)

31. Vertebrates (continued)
Endotherm (warm- blooded); these organisms can control their body temperature from within despite changes in the environment

32. Vertebrates (continued)
Ectotherm (cold-blooded); body temperature changes with the environment

33. Questions
What is the difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm?
How is a vertebrate different from an invertebrate?

34. Jawless fishes
Ex: Sea lamprey
mouth is used for sucking fluids; no appendages (fins)
flexible skeleton made of cartilage
ectotherms

35. Cartilaginous Fishes
Two pairs of fins; gills
ectotherms
strong teeth (sharks)
SKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE
stingrays, skates, sharks

36. Bony fishes
Flounder, eels, trout, and others
SKELETON MADE OF BONE
gills
streamlined bodies (narrow shape)
most numerous group of fish

37. Questions
How are the cartilaginous fishes mainly different from the bony fishes?
What do the other fishes have that the jawless fishes do not have?

38. Amphibians
Frogs, toads, salamanders
part of their life is spent on land and part of life is spent in the water; (ectotherms)
smooth, moist skin
gills when they are young and have lungs as adults

39. Reptiles
Adapted to live on land (terrestrial)
breathe with lungs
body covered with plates or scales
ectotherms

40. Reptiles
Dinosaurs
Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators
lay eggs in a leathery shell

41. Birds
Bodies adapted for flight (light, bones, feathers, and wings)
Scaly legs and feet
lay eggs in a hard shell
endotherms

42. Mammals
Advanced nervous system; highly developed brain
Endotherms
Hairy bodies
can occupy several habitats
give birth to live young; produce milk mammary glands

43. Questions
Which animals spend part of their life on and part of it in the water?
What type of animals have scales or or hard plates?

44. Questions
Which two groups of animals are warm-blooded?
What is the difference between the eggs of reptiles and birds?