1. Orchestral Landmarks

2. Classical or non-classical? Cadenza Recapitulation Tone row Balanced phrasing Melody in the strings Schubert Wagner Programme music Concerto Minimalism Dissonance Exposition

3. Classical or non-classical? Cadenza Recapitulation Tone row Balanced phrasing Melody in the strings Schubert Wagner Programme music Concerto Minimalism Dissonance Exposition

4. Orchestral Landmarks Classical period (1750 – 1800) Late Classical (1800 – 1830) Romantic period (1830 – 1900) 20 th Century (1900 – 2000)

5. Late Classical (1800-1830) Beethoven increased the size of the orchestra (cymbals, bass drum, triangle, three trombones, piccolo, double bassoon, lots of strings) and even added a choir. Uses classical structures (symphony, concerto etc) but creates tension and drama. Includes powerful themes (5 th Symphony) Contrasting sections (brass against strings) Introduction of dynamic variation.. Rhythm drives the music forward..

7. Programme Music Usually based on a feeling, book, painting or poem. Programme music tells a story. Creates pictures with sound (woody clarinet/birdlike flute – tone colour). Orchestration was a key concern of Romantic composers.

8. Romantic Revolution! Massive range of dynamics (ppp, sf, ppp in one bar). Expression markings (dolce, amoroso, agitato etc) Frequent tempo changes (inc rubato) Changes in texture are commonplace

9. Romantic Structures Symphonic / Tone Poem – large, 1 movement piece often using a single theme which develops all the way through the piece. Incidental Music – played between the acts of a play. Music reflects the action on stage. Peer Gynt – Grieg (1875)

10. Classical Orchestra (30 - 40 players) Kettle Drums French Horns Trumpets Flutes Clarinets Oboes Bassoons Second Violins Double Basses Violas First Violins Cellos

11. Romantic Orchestra (70 players) +Cymbals +Triangle + Tubular Bells +Bass Drum +Piano +Tuba +Piccolo +Cor Anglais +Bass Clarinet +Double Bassoon +Saxophone +Harp

12. Romantic Orchestra Any instrument could have the melody or a solo. Valves in brass instruments led to extended parts. Introduction of a conductor. Sections of the orchestra were treated like ensembles.

13. Nationalist Music Some composers used dance rhythms or folk melodies from their countries. 1812 Overture – Tchaikovsky

14. A Liszt of some Romantic Composers Liszt Johann Strauss II Tchaikovsky Richard Strauss Verdi Wagner Schumann Chopin Berlioz Smetana Brahms Dvořák Grieg Rachmaninoff Sibelius

15. Homework! Revise information on the Classical period. Log in to Yaca Paca You have one attempt to complete the task – make it count!