1. CHAPTER 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828-1845
Jackson Van Buren Tyler

2. CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 Andrew Jackson
000

3. Chapter 8 – Sec 1 Jacksonian America
I. A New Era in Politics
A. Voting Rights – more white men were
able to vote because many states
lowered or eliminated property
ownership as a qualification to vote.
By 1840, more than 2.4 million Americans voted in the presidential election.

4. Chapter 8, Sec 1 B. Andrew Jackson’s SPOILS SYSTEM.
Jackson was the common people’s president & felt that more of these people should rule in a democracy.
He supported the Spoils System –
appointing people to government
positions for their loyalty.
Jackson was the 1st president to force
people out of their jobs to hire his loyal
followers.

5. Chapter 8, Sec 1 C. A more democratic electoral system –
The Caucus System – party members in
Congress met and chose the nominee
for president.
The Jacksonians replaced it with the
national nominating convention to
give more power to the common man.

6. Chapter 8, Sec 1 II. THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS
A. The Tariff of Abominations (1828).
South Carolina threatened to secede
from the Union about tariffs on goods
from England.
B. Calhoun (Vice Pres.) & from SC
proposed the idea of nullification.

7. Chapter 8, Sec 1 C. 1830 – Robert Hayne (SC) & Daniel Webster (MA)
confronted each other
in the Senate.
D. Jackson took the Union
side – he said the Union
must be preserved.
E. When another tariff was
passed, SC adopted an
ordinance of nullification,
i.e., declared the tariffs
unconstitutional in SC.

8. CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 F. Jackson said that SC had committed an
act of treason and he sent a warship
to Charleston.
G. In 1833, Congress passed the
Force Bill authorizing Jackson to use
military.
H. Clay pushed through
a bill to lower tariffs
gradually and SC
repealed its nullification.
Charleston

9. CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 III. Policies Toward Native Americans
A. In 1830, Jackson pushed the
Indian Removal Act to move the
Natives west. The Cherokee of
Georgia would not move. They
sued the government –
Worcester v. Georgia & it went
to the Supreme Court for a
decision. The Court
ruled for the Natives, but Jackson would
not enforce it and continued to try to move
the Natives.

10. CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 IV. Jackson Battles the Bank
A. Jackson felt the bank was a
monopoly that benefited the
wealthy elite. BUT the bank had
done a good job stabilizing money
and interest rates.
B. Congress passed a bill to extend the
national bank for another 20 years.
Jackson vetoed it and won another
term. Then he removed the government’s
deposits from the state banks. This action
contributed significantly to the financial problems
that plagued the country in years ahead.

11. CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 V. A New Party Emerges A. THE WHIGS – named
after the party in England that had worked to limit the king’s power. Wanted a larger federal government, industrial & commercial development, and a centralized economy.
B. Jackson’s Democrats wanted a limited government, and they distrusted eastern merchants and business leaders.

12. CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 C. MARTIN VAN BUREN as president.
1836 Election – got elected because
of Jackson’s popularity as Democrat
and because of nation’s prosperity.
Used the military to remove remaining
Natives to Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears.
ECONOMIC CRISIS -- PANIC of 1837
banks failed
businesses failed
farmers lost land
factory workers lost jobs

13. CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 D. ELECTION of 1840 WHIGS nominated
General William Henry Harrison
(hero at Battle of Tippecanoe
and the War of 1812).
John Tyler was his running mate as VP.
SLOGAN – “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.”
Harrison won!! – 60 electoral votes Harrison
He delivered his inauguration speech in bitter cold.
He got pneumonia and died 32 days later.
He served the shortest term of any American president.
John Tyler took over as President.

14. CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 E. THE TYLER YEARS 1. The press & Congress
called him “His Accidency.”
2. Foreign relations:
Dispute over ME & Canadian
Border – Webster- Ashburton Treaty.
3. Social Change: Social transformation began to shape a uniquely
American society.

15. Chapter 8 – Section 2 A CHANGING CULTURE IMMIGRANTS RELIGION
LITERARY RENAISSANCE

16. CHAPTER 8, Section 2 I. A NEW WAVE OF IMMIGRANTS A. IRELAND & GERMANY
2,000, ,500,000
Potato Famine Midwest – farmers
Settled in NE & businessmen
cities

17. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 B. NATIVISM HOSTILITY toward foreigners.
Many Americans were anti-
Catholic. Irish & Germans were
Catholic.
Supreme Order of the Star
Spangled Banner was against
Catholics – 1849
American Party – 1854 (Secret
Membership) “I know nothing.”
Became the Know-Nothings.

18. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 II. A RELIGIOUS REVIVAL
A. The Second Great Awakening!!
1. Began in Kentucky.
2. Leaders of Protestant denominations began CAMP
meetings that went on
for days filled with song,
prayer, & emotional
outpourings of faith.

19. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 B. BASIC MESSAGE - Individuals must
readmit God and Christ into their daily lives.
Previously, Calvinism believed that only a chosen few
were predestined for salvation.
Now, ministers preached that ALL people could attain
grace through faith.
C. Charles Grandison Finney – a Presbyterian minister & most prominent advocate.
Helped found modern revivalism.
He believed that if Christian ideas reformed
people from within, society would become
better, but if people remained selfish and
immoral, political reforms would not make
any difference.

20. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 D. New Religious Groups Emerge
1. Unitarians – said Jesus was not the Son of God, only a great teacher.
2. Universalists – believe in the
universal salvation of souls, no hell,
God will save everyone.
3. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) –
Leader – Joseph Smith who published
The Book of Mormon which told of the
coming of God & the need to build a
kingdom on Earth to receive him.

21. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2
4. Mormons were harassed in Ohio, Missouri, and elsewhere. They moved to Commerce, Illinois in 1839, bought the town and renamed it Nauvoo and began building a self-contained community.
They continued to be persecuted.
Joseph Smith was murdered.
5. Brigham Young
then became their leader
and Mormons moved to
Utah permanently.

22. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2
Joseph Smith Brigham Young
The Book of Mormon

23. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 III. A Literary Renaissance A. ROMANTICISM –
feeling over reason,
inner spirituality over external rules,
the individual above society, and
nature over environments created by humans.
B. Transcendentalism –
Urged people to transcend or over-
come the limits of their minds and
let their souls reach out to embrace
the beauty of universe.

24. CHAPTER 8, SEC 3

25. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 B. AMERICAN WRITERS EMERGE
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson – most
influential transcendentalist who wrote Nature.
2. Henry David Thoreau – believed
individuals must fight to conform.
3. Washington Irving –
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
4. James Fenimore Cooper –
The Last of the Mohicans Thoreau’s Cabin
5. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter

26. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 6. Herman Melville – Moby Dick
7. Edgar Allan Poe – wrote terror & mystery
8. Walt Whitman – Leaves of Gold
(loved nature, common people,
and American democracy)
9. Emily Dickinson – best remembered
female poet of era who
wrote simple, personal
and deeply emotional
poetry.

27. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 C. THE PENNY PRESS –
1. The Penny Papers - inexpensive
newspapers for the
common man.
INCLUDED: fires, crimes
marriages, gossip, politics
and local news.

28. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 2. First American magazine for women:
Godey’s Lady’s Book.
3. The Atlantic Monthly – magazine for
well-educated.
4. Harper’s Weekly – everything
from book reviews to news
reports.

29. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 IV. Utopian Communities – IDEAL SOCIETY
Included cooperative living
No private property
A – Brook Farm
B. SHAKERS – established small utopian communities. They did not believe in marrying or having children, so they could only expand by making converts.

30. CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 Nativism Revivalism Utopian Communities Romanticism
Movements in
American
Culture
In the mid-1800s
Romanticism
Transcendentalism

31. CHAPTER 8, SECTION 3 REFORMING SOCIETY
THEME
Reform movements sought to change American society, but in ways that upheld American values and ideals.

32. CHAPTER 8, Sec 3
I. The Reform Spirit.
Revivalists preached the power of
individuals to improve themselves
and the world.
Lyman Beecher – said true reform
had to come from
citizens not from the
government.

33. Chapter 8, Sec 3
Benevolent Societies –
at first they focused on spreading
the word of God and then they
sought to combat social problems.
** Unmarried young women with
uncertain futures joined groups
to stop excessive drinking and to
change prisons and education.

34. CHAPTER 8, Sec 3 1. Alcoholism was widespread during the early 1800s.
A. The Temperance Movement
1. Alcoholism was widespread during the early 1800s.
2. In the West they drank to ease the loneliness of rural
life.
3. In the East it was the major leisure activity for
workers.
4. AMERICAN TEMPERANCE UNION –
1833 – preached the evils of alcohol &
worked to pass state laws against it.
5. Maine was the first state to pass a
prohibition law.

35. CHAPTER 8, Sec 3 B. PRISON REFORM . 1. 1816 – states began to build
new prisons to provide a
better environment for prisoners.
2. They also began rehabilitation.
3. Called penitentiaries because
prisoners would work to achieve
penitence, or remorse for their
wrongs.
4. Dorothea Dix worked to reform prisons
and created special institutions for the
mentally ill.

36. CHAPTER 8, Sec 3
HORACE MANN HIGH SCHOOL
HORACE MANN

37. CHAPTER 8, Sec 3 C. EDUCATION REFORM.
1. Public Education System – most Americans believed that our country could not survive without well educated and informed citizens.
2. HORACE MANN – created the first state board of education in MA. He established new high schools and normal schools that trained teachers.
3. MA passed the first mandatory school attendance law and other states followed.
4. CALVIN WILEY (SC) began schools in South Carolina. About 1/3 white children in the South were enrolled in public schools by 1860.

38. CHAPTER 8, SEC 3 D. WOMEN’S EDUCATION.
1. Women could not vote in the 1800s.
2. EMMA WILLARD – early educational
pioneer who founded a girls’
boarding school in Vermont in 1814.
3. MARY LYON – opened
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary –
1st institution of higher education
for women only.

39. CHAPTER 8, SEC 3 4. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL – 1st woman to earn a medical
degree in the U.S. or Europe.
Founded the New York
Infirmary for Women and
Children, which was staffed
entirely by women.

40. CHAPTER 8, Sec 3 II. Early Women’s Movement.
In the early 1800s, people worked close to home (farms), but by the mid-1800s, men worked factory jobs and women ran the home. Women began to change.
1. “True Womanhood” - the idea that women should be homemakers & take responsibility for developing their children’s character.
Women were expected to be models of piety and virtue to their children and husbands.
2. CATHERINE BEACHER –
in 1841, wrote
A Treatise on Domestic Economy.
It said that women could find
fulfillment at home.

41. CHAPTER 8, SEC 3 2. Women were the conscious of the home and
society at this time.
3. As women fought for morals, they begin to
seek greater political rights.
4. Margaret Fuller – believed if men and
women were treated equally, it would end
injustice in society.
5. LUCRETIA MOTT & ELIZABETH CADY STANTON – active in antislavery movement. Organized the SENECA FALLS CONVENTION. This was the beginning of an organized women’s movement and is considered to be the beginning of the quest for women’s voting rights.

42. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON
CHAPTER 8, SEC 3
LUCRETIA MOTT &
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON
WOMEN’S RIGHTS

43. CHAPTER 8, SEC 3 Major Reform Areas for Society TEMPERANCE WOMEN’S
MOVEMENT
WOMEN’S
RIGHTS
Major Reform Areas
for
Society
PRISON
REFORM
EDUCATION
REFORM

44. CHAPTER 8, SECTION 4 THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
What is GRADUALISM?
The belief that slavery had to be ended
slowly.
1. First – stop new slaves from being
brought into the country.
2. Next – phase out slavery in the North
and Upper South
3. FINALLY – end slavery in the South
WHY was it important to do it slowly?

45. CHAPTER 8, SEC 4 What is colonization?
Moving African Americans back to their ancestral homeland.
American Colonization Society – moving African Americans to Africa.
In 1821, the ACS had acquired land in Africa & established Liberia. The capital, Monrovia, was named for Pres. Monroe.
There were about 1.5 million African Americans at this time.
Why would moving them be a problem?

46. CHAPTER 8, SEC 4 What did abolitionists want to do about slavery?
According to abolitionists, slavery was an evil of which the country needed to repent.
DAVID WALKER – published
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
He advocated violence & rebellion as the
only way to end slavery.
WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON – along with abolitionist Isaac Knapp founded Boston’s
antislavery newspaper, the Liberator. He said
the time for moderation was over!
He believed in complete emancipation.

47. CHAPTER 8, SEC 4 Garrison founded the
AMERICAN ANTISLAVERY SOCIETY in 1833
Other leaders: Theodore Weld – recruited members
Arthur & Lewis Tappan - wealthy
Wendell Phillips - orator
John Greenleaf Whittier - poet
Prudence Crandall – girl’s school
Lucretia Mott - antislavery
Sara & Angelina Grimke –
antislavery
Grimke’s

48. Narrative of the Life of
CHAPTER 8, SEC 4
African American figures:
Frederick Douglas
published his own newspaper,
The North Star
and wrote an autobiography,
Narrative of the Life of
Frederick Douglass
Sojourner Truth – made
antislavery speeches even
though she had no formal
education.

49. CHAPTER 8, SEC 4 THE RESPONSE TO ABOLITIONISM!! THE NORTH THE SOUTH
Some opposed extreme Defended the institution
abolitionism as a threat to of slavery as a way of
the existing social system Southern life.
Some feared a civil war Believed papers sparked
Some feared that there would rebellion even though
be too many freed slaves who they did not circulate
would take jobs and housing in the South.
Some had investments & if the Forced the House of
South crumbled, the planters Representatives to
could not pay the N. banks pass a gag rule.

50. CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY
List the areas of life that people in the U.S. tried to improve during the early to mid-1800s.
REFORM
MOVEMENTS
In the
1800s
RELIGIOUS
REVIVAL
PRISON
REFORM
EDUCATION
REFORM
WOMEN’S
EDUCATION
WOMEN’S
RIGHTS
ABOLITIONISM