1. GABY MARTIN Albert Bandura: A Study on Self-Efficacy

2. Biography Born on December 4, 1925 in Alberta, Canada Graduated from University of British Columbia with B.A. in psychology in 1949 Received M.A. in 1951 and Ph.D. in clinical psychology at University of Iowa in 1952 Postdoctoral internship at Wichita Guidance Center in Kansas

3. Biography Joined faculty at Stanford University in 1953  Met Robert Sears, a pioneer in social learning theory  Bandura became interested in social learning theory himself Elected president of the American Psychological Association 1974 Continues to teach at Stanford today

4. Social Learning Theory We learn to interact with one another to obtain rewards  Similar to Skinner We learn in social situations  Through imitation  By observing models Bandura’s studies:  Powerful effects models have on behavior  Bobo doll studies  How our efforts affect our beliefs in our capacities (self-efficacy)

5. Socialization Studies Socialization is the process by which societies influence the behavior of their members Bandura’s studies:  Aggression (Bobo doll)  Gender roles  Prosocial behavior  Self-regulation: when a person begins to depend less on externalities in society to regulate his/her own behavior

6. Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy is “the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action to manage prospective situations”  Involves self-observation which is when a person observes his/her own performance and compares it to his/her own standards  Self-efficacy appraisal: a conclusion made after a performance on one’s general ability  “I’m not good at math”

7. Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy comes from  Actual performance: failure or success  Vicarious experience: failure or success of others  Verbal persuasion: pep talks  Physiololgical cues: bodily cues Statement of Problem  How do actual performance, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and physiological cues affect a child’s self-efficacy?  Do these sources of self-efficacy really make a great impact on a child’s performance?

8. My Study Setting  St. Clement’s Episcopal School in El Paso, TX Procedure  20 8 th grade students divided into four groups:  Actual performance  Vicarious experience  Verbal persuasion  Physiological cues  Each group took a quick math test along with a questionnaire to fill out before and after the test  Each student was asked whether or not they think they are good at math and to predict how well they will do on the test  Each test was graded and each questionnaire was evaluated to establish a sense of each student’s self-efficacy

9. My Study Hypotheses  The students’ self-efficacy will be affected by vicarious experience and especially by actual performance. Bandura explains that the process of self-regulation takes in actual performance through self-observation in order to make an assessment about one’s own performance. One will then perform accordingly with his/her evaluation.  Students’ sense of self-efficacy will have a major impact on performance (test scores).  The students’ performance (test scores) will be also be impacted by vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and physiological cues.

10. Questionnaire How was each student’s self-efficacy evaluated? Rubric  Answers to questions:  Self-efficacy evaluation: “YES” / “GOOD”“SOMETIMES” / “IN THE MIDDLE” “NO” / “BAD” +2+1+0 POSITIVEMEDIUMNEGATIVE 43210

11. Results Group 1: Actual Performance First PredictionsSecond Predictions NameSexAge Do you think you are good at math? How well do you think you will do? Score How well do you think you will do? Self-Efficacy Score AdrianM14YesGood7/8Good4 XimenaF13SometimesIn the middle7/8Good2 PauloM14SometimesIn the middle4/8In the middle2 LaurenF14SometimesIn the middle4/8In the middle2 PaolaF13SometimesIn the middle4/8In the middle2

12. Results Group 2: Vicarious Experience Predictions NameSexAgeDo you think you are good at math?After peers, how well do you think you will do?ScoreSelf-Efficacy Score PitaF14YesGood6/84 ReginaF13YesIn the middle4/83 LuisM14SometimesIn the middle4/82 EstefaniaF13SometimesIn the middle5/82 EduardoM14SometimesBad3/81

13. Results Group 3: Verbal Persuasion Predictions NameSexAgeDo you think you are good at math?How well do you think you will do?ScoreSelf-Efficacy Score VivianaF14SometimesIn the middle5/82 NicholasM13SometimesGood5/83 ManuelM14YesIn the middle4/83 DanielM14YesGood4/84 MeganF14SometimesIn the middle4/82

14. Results Group 4: Physiological Cues Predictions NameSexAgeDo you think you are good at math?How well do you think you will do?How are you feeling?ScoreSelf-Efficacy Score PaxtonF13SometimesIn the middleTired2/82 HannahF14SometimesIn the middleTired4/82 KevinM13SometimesIn the middleI feel kinda nervous4/82 JoseM14YesIn the middleSick and tired2/83 Mary JoF13SometimesIn the middleTired and bored3/82

15. Results

17. Changes in Self-Efficacy Group 1: Actual Performance First PredictionsSecond Predictions Good at math?How will you do?Self-Efficacy ScoreHow will you do?Second Self-Efficacy Score AdrianM14YesGood4 4 XimenaF13SometimesIn the middle2Good3 PauloM14SometimesIn the middle2 2 LaurenF14SometimesIn the middle2 2 PaolaF13SometimesIn the middle2 2 Group 2: Vicarious Experience Predictions Good at math?How will you do?Self-Efficacy ScoreAfter peers, how will you do?Second Self-Efficacy Score PitaF14YesIn the middle3Good4 ReginaF13YesIn the middle3 3 LuisM14SometimesIn the middle2 2 EstefaniaF13SometimesIn the middle2 2 EduardoM14SometimesIn the middle2Bad1

18. Conclusion Two of my hypotheses were proven incorrect This was because the research was very limited  Very small sample of students  Much data was inconclusive Bandura is not wrong

19. Did You Know? Did you know that a bandura is a musical instrument? It is often described as the voice of Ukraine. From a musical perspective, the bandura unifies acoustic principles of both the lute and the harp. This produces a sound that is both emphatic and gentle, resembling that of a harpsichord, but with a wider range of dynamics and tonal control.