1. 7. The Progressive Era The Populists and the Progressives

2. The Agrarian Movement (1870- 1900) Problems on the farm ◦ New technology led to over production / prices fall ◦ High cost of railroad transportation ◦ Falling into debt / harvest could not pay it off ◦ Natural disasters/ droughts, insects, floods

3. Grange Movement Originally founded as social/educational experience for farmers. Formed “cooperatives” to cut cost.

4. The Granger Laws (What did each do?) Blamed railroads and grain storage operators. Munn v. Illinois in 1877 (294): Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 (281): Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887:

5. The Populist Party, 1891-1896 (Rural Issues) New third party representing the “common man” but focusing on farmers. Sometimes called the People’s Party

6. Populist Platform Unlimited coinage of silver Progressive income tax Government ownership of railroads and communications Immigration restrictions Shorter work day Secret ballot Direct election of senators Term limit for President.

7. Election of 1892 Populists elect five Senators and received a million votes for president. Depression of 1893 follows and blamed on the scarcity of money

8. Election of 1896 Democrats and Populists nominate William Jennings Bryan. Marks the merging of the two parties. ◦ Strong supporter of farmers ◦ Cross of Gold Speech ◦ “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”

9. Republicans in 1896 William McKinley ◦ Pro-Business ◦ Votes divided regionally. Election of 1900 ◦ McKinley vs. Bryan again. ◦ McKinley wins ◦ End of Populist Party

10. Populists: The Role of Third Parties The Populists ◦ Rose quickly and disappeared as fast. ◦ Left its mark on American politics Third parties are often like this ◦ Provide an outlet for minorities ◦ Generate new ideas If a third party has good ideas one of the major parties will adopt those ideas.

11. The Progressive Movement: 1900- 1920 (Urban Issues) Lasted until the start of World War I Focused on middle-class city folks. Leaders were investigative writers, lawyers, ministers, and college professors. Got their name because of their dedication to “progress”. Wanted to correct the political and economic injustices that existed because of American industrialization.

12. Goals of the Progressives (383) 1. 2. 3. 4.

13. Social Gospel Movement (312) Called for social reforms (safer working conditions/ abolish child labor) Opposed to the harshness of unregulated free enterprise Belief in the Biblical truth of “being your brother’s keeper” Groups such as the Salvation Army emphasized the need to help those less fortunate.

14. Socialism (Terms) Capitalism: Socialism: Extreme reaction to the negative characteristics of free enterprise.

15. Muckrakers (384) Terms Writers who raked up the “muck” or dirt of American life. Jacob Riis(G) Ida Tarbell (385) Lincoln Steffens (385) Frank Norris (I) Upton Sinclair (384)

16. Social Reformers: Did what? Settlement House (312) Jane Addams (312) Lynching (334) Ida B. Wells (335) NAACP (335) W.E.B. DuBois (335) Booker T. Washington (324) Anti-Defamation League (I) YMCA/YWCA (336)

17. Municipal Reform (390-91) Municipal means town or city level of government. List the four areas of concern; 1. 2. 3. 4.

18. State Reform (392-393) Terms Progressive governors ◦ Robert LaFollette (Wisconsin) ◦ Theodore Roosevelt (New York) Direct Primary (392) Secret Ballot Direct election of Senators Initiative (392) Referendum (392) Recall (392)

19. Social Legislation Regulate housing conditions Abolish child labor Work place safety and health conditions Limits on hours of work Compensation of workers injured on the job Conservation of natural resources

20. Civil Service Reform (292-293) What is the “Spoils System”? (292) Pendleton Act (293) did what? What event sparked the drive to get rid of the spoils system? (293)

21. View and Discuss “Murder at the Fair” from the History Channel Series Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America”

22. Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 Reversed the trend of a weak president and a strong Congress. President after McKinley assassination Coal Miners’ Strike of 1902 (393-94) Trust-Buster (394)

23. The “Square Deal” (G) Public Health ◦ Meat Inspection Act (1906) ◦ Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Transportation and Communication ◦ Increased power of the Interstate Commerce Commission ◦ Added telegraph and telephone. Conserving the Nation’s Resources ◦ National Conservation Commission

24. William Howard Taft (1909-1912) Endorsed by Theodore Roosevelt Continued many of Roosevelt’s policies Alienated Progressives because he was not a skilled politician Promised to lower tariff but could not make it happen. Withdrew some land Roosevelt had protected.

25. Election of 1912 Angry with Taft’s policies, Theodore Roosevelt decided to run again. After loosing the Republican spot, TR runs for a third party – Bull Moose Party. Taft is nominated by the Republicans As a result in the split, Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) is elected president.

26. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Terms New Freedom (398) Underwood Tariff, 1913 (399) Graduated Income Tax, 1913 (399) The Federal Reserve Act, 1913 (400) Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914(400) Federal Trade Commission, 1914 (400) Sixteenth Amendment, 1913 (399)

27. Wilson continued National Park Service, 1916 (394) Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, 1911 (389) Department of Labor, 1913 (394) Child Labor Act, 1916 (I)

28. Women’s Suffrage Movement Mid 19 th century women began to for groups to seek suffrage. Disappointed that they did not receive suffrage with the 15 th amendment. Susan B. Anthony (403) Elizabeth Cady Stanton (403) 19 th Amendment, 1920 (407) Impact was disappointing.

29. View and Discuss The last half of the HBO film “Iron Jawed Angels”. Looks at the methods used by suffragettes to earn right to vote.

30. Realism in Literature and Art In literature ◦ Horatio Alger, Rags to Riches stories ◦ Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, The Gilded Age ◦ William Dean Howells, The Rise of Silas Lapham ◦ Jack London, Call of the Wild ◦ Henry James, The Portrait of a Lady ◦ Katie Chopin, The Awakening

31. James McNeill Whistler, Winslow Homer

32. Thomas Eakins Henry Ossawa Tanner

33. Frederick Remington Charles Russell Frederick Remington Charles Russell