1. Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis

2. Overview Major Atoms Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds Water, non-covalent force in water Four major families of small molecules Sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides Three macromolecule families: polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid Non covalent bonds determine molecular shape and interactions

3. The Chemical Components of A Cell Basic Element: Atom, protons, Neutrons, Electrons Atomic Weight, Molecular Weight Avgadro’s number (6x10 23 molecules), Mole (1 mole= 6x10 23 molecules), Molar solution (1M=1mole/liter) Electron shells (2,8,8,18,18)

4. Carbon and Hydrogen

5. Chemical Elements for Live Organisms H, C, O, and N make up 96.5% weight of a living organism

7. The Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds Bond length and bond strength Covalent bonds: Single bond, double bond, polar bond Van der waals force

8. Covalent Bond and Ionic Bond Ionic bond: electron transfer Covalent bond: electron sharing

9. Sodium Chloride: ionic bond formation

10. The geometry of covalent bonds

15. Important Energy Levels

16. The Van der Waals forces

17. The Water Environment 70% of cell is water Hydrogen bond Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Acid and base Proton and hydroxyl Non-covalent interactions in water: Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals attractions, hydrophobic force

22. Acid Donate a proton Base Absorb a proton or donate OH - NH3+H2O->NH4 + +OH - NaOH->Na + +OH -

24. Ionic bonds in Water

28. Hydrogen bond Polar interaction: a elecgtropositive hydrogen is shared by two neighboring electornegative atoms

32. Molecular Interaction in solution 1. H-bond (hydrogen bond), 2. Ionic bond, 3. Van der Waals 4. Hydrophobic “force”

33. Four Major Families of Small Organic Molecules Sugars-> polysaccharides Fatty acids -> fats, lipids, membranes Amino acids -> proteins Nucleotides -> nucleic acids

34. Four Major Small Organic Molecules

35. Sugar [(CH2O)n, carbohydrates] Glucose

36. Disaccharide Condensation and hydrolysis

41. Fatty Acids

42. Phospholipid (amphipathic)

47. Amino Acid

48. Amino Acid and pH values

49. Peptides and proteins

50. ATP (ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate) Nucleotides

51. Nucleotides and DNA, RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acids A(adenine) G(guanine) T(thymine) C (cytosine) RNA: ribonucleic acids A G U(Uracil) C

56. Macromolecules

58. Three families of macromolecules

59. The assembly of macromolecules