1. Animal Systems

2. Organization All living things made up of cells
Groups of cells work together to form tissues
Groups of tissues organs organ systems
There are 4 basic tissue types in animals:
1. Epithelial: covering (eg skin) keeps germs out and protects the body and organs
2. Muscle: can contract-relax producing movement
3. Connective: supports and holds body together (tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage)...also blood
4. Nerve: generates electrical signals for communication within the body

3. Digestive

5. Digestive tract Is one long tube
Digestion is the chemical and physical breakdown of food
to absorb nutrients and minerals
Rid the body of wastes
Digestive system composed of digestive tract (food moves through) organs and accessory organs (food does not move through

6. Digestive tract organs/Function
Mouth – physically breaks food into smaller pieces...saliva contains enzymes (chemicals that break down food) and water for moistening
Esophagus – muscles contract and relax pushing food to the stomach
Stomach – holds food and churns food…hydrochloric acid added (kills bacteria, activates some enzymes for chemical digestion)
Muscles in the stomach contract and relax breaking food down physically

7. Digestive tract organs/Function
Small intestine – sodium bicarbonate added to neutralize acid
most of chemical breakdown occurs in the small intestine by enzymes released from pancreas
nutrients are absorbed
Large intestine – re-absorption of water and removal of waste

8. Accessory Organs
Salivary Glands – produces saliva containing an enzyme breaking down carbohydrates
Liver – produces bile to help break down fats
Pancreas – produces enzymes for stomach and small intestine...also produces insulin (controls sugar levels)
Gall bladder – stores bile from liver
Page 82#2-5

9. Circulatory

10. Pumps blood throughout the body
Heart-Lungs
Heart-Heart
Heart-Body
Transports nutrients from digested food
Transports oxygen from respiratory

12. Heart: Blood Flow Through Chambers

13. Blood Flow Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium
Heart is relaxed the blood moves through valves into the ventricles.
The ventricles contract pushing blood out the arteries.
From RV through pulmonary artery to the lung
From LV through aorta to the body

14. Blood
Plasma: 55% of blood. It is composed of 90% water and carries nutrients, proteins, sugar...
RBCs: 40% of blood. Each cell has millions of hemoglobin molecules...binds to and carries oxygen
WBCs: defenders of the body
Platelets: small cell fragments help in blood clotting

15. Blood Vessels Arteries: carry blood away from heart
Have thick walls (muscular-elastic tissue) for expansion due to pressure of blood pumping
Veins: carry blood to the heart
Not as thick due to lower pressure
Have one way valves to prevent backflow
Capillaries: are tiny vessels (one cell thick) joining arteries and veins

17. Activity
Heart Sounds
Blood Pressure

18. Respiratory

20. Breathing
Lung Model
Inhalation: diaphragm moves down and rib cage up and out
Exhalation: diaphragm moves up and rib cage down and in
Air exchange is due to difference in air pressure (moves high to low pressure)

22. Breathing Nose: warms and cleans air Mouth: misses steps from nose
Pharynx: path for air and food (epiglottis directs food to esophagus)
Larynx: vocal chords
Trachea: windpipe, cartilage rings
Bronchi: one bronchi to each lung. Cilia and mucus prevents dust from going into lung
Bronchioles: network of branching for air passage in the lung
Alveoli: small sacs where gas exchange occurs

23. Gas Exchange: Capillary-Alveoli
Diffusion: movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration
Blood from heart has high carbon dioxide content...it diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli.
As the blood moves by the air in the alveoli is rich in oxygen and diffuses into the capillary where there is low concentration

25. Muscular-Skeletal

26. The skeleton has 3 types of connective tissue:
Bones are hard and mostly non living composed of calcium and phosphorus.
Canals inside the bone tissue contain nerves and blood vessels
Ligaments help to hold the bone together... Elasticity of this connective tissue allows movement
Cartilage between bones in joints provides low friction support

28. Muscle tissue is composed of long cells arranged in bundles
The cells shorten and relax producing movement
Muscles can only pull...not push. They work in opposing pairs (triceps-biceps)
Muscles are connected by tendons to bones

29. Nervous

30. Central Nervous System: brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system: connects the rest of the body to the CNS
Sensory receptors detect stimuli and send signals to the CNS (brain) for processing and a response.

31. How systems Interact??

33. Plant Systems

34. Plant Tissue 1. Epidermal Tissue Outer surface 2. Ground Tissue
most of the plant cells
In roots = storage in leaves photosynthesis
3. Vascular Tissue
Transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant
4. Meristem Tissue
Where growth occurs

35. Plant Organs 1. Roots Absorbs water and nutrients from soil 2. Stems
Transport of materials and support (holds plant upright)
3. Leaves
Photosynthesis
4. Flowers

36. Flowers

37. Flowers reproductive structure of the plant
Main function is to produce seeds by sexual reproduction
Males organs, called stamen, produces pollen – the male sex cells
Flower contains female organs, called pistil, contain female sex cells called eggs
Pollen and an egg unite to produce a fertilized egg called a seed
Some seeds surrounded by flesh called fruit