1. A.P. WORLD HISTORY
THEMES

2. S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D. SOCIAL STRUCTURES Economic, Social Classes
Gender Roles, Relations
Inequalities
Family, Kinship
Racial, Ethnic Constructs
POLITICS
Nations, nationalism
Empires
Forms of Government
Revolts, Revolutions
State-building, expansion
CULTURE
Cultural
Intellectual
Arts, Architecture
Lifestyles
Literatures
TECHNOLOGY
Industry
Science, Invention, Innovation
Power
Transportation
Communication
RELIGION
Religion
World Views
Philosophy
Secularism, Atheism
Ideologies and “isms”
ECONOMICS
Industrialization
Economic Systems
Capitalism, Socialism
Business Organizations
Labor, Labor Organizations
INTERACTIONS
War, Conflict
Trade, Commerce
Exchanges, Migrations
Diplomacy, Alliances
Transnational Organizations
DEMOGRAPHY
Demography, Disease
Human, Environment Interaction
Patterns of Settlement
Geography, Region
Agriculture, Pastoralism

3. Why Themes?
Big world—a lot of history. Themes help us make sense of it all.
Provides an organizing framework.
i.e., Ms. Merino studied Intellectual History.
“Themes”are big ideas
helps organize knowledge
helps to see continuity/change
helps to compare & contrast

4. SOCIAL: Gender, Labor, Social hierarchy
HIERARCHIES
INEQUALITIES,
ELITES

5. Social History
Social history studies the way that people are grouped together, what their roles in society are, and how these groups relate to each other. For example:
Compare and contrast ender roles in Etruscan Italy vs. Imperial Rome. What are the similarities? Differences?
Etruscan (Italy) 600 BCE
Imperial Rome (Italy) 60 CE

6. Social History Another example:
Discuss the continuities and changes in the Chinese family (size, roles, relationships) between the early 20th century and today. What has changed? What has stayed the same? Why?

7. Social History Your turn!
Race and ethnicity: What questions might an historian ask?
So in your own words, what is social history?
Mexican Family – 1763
Spanish husband, Native American wife

8. CULTURAL Arts, architecture, and the intellect

9. Cultural History
Cultural History includes the study of the arts, architecture, literature, drama, poetry, fashion, music, cultural trends and movements, etc.
Example: Analyze the changes and continuities in the European painting tradition from the Early Middle Age through the Late Renaissance. What has stayed the same? What has changed? Why?
Unknown artist, c. 800 CE
Titian, Salome, 16th Century

10. Cultural History
Your turn: Architecture: The Hagia Sofia, Istanbul, Turkey.
What questions might an historian ask?
In your own words, what is cultural history?
Built by Byzantine (Christian) empire: 537 C.E.
Conquered by Ottoman (Islamic) empire: 1453 C.E.

11. RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL
How does each society view, explain the world?

12. Religious & Intellectual (Philosophical): Religious and spiritual traditions, philosophical movements and ideas.
Religious history studies religious movements, traditions, and beliefs, and how they have developed, changed, and interacted over time.
Intellectual history is the history of ideas, be they philosophical, scientific, etc.
What are the unique & similar beliefs, ideas, & ways of living between peoples?

13. Religious/ Intellectual History
Example: Analyze the similarities and differences between the Hellenistic religion of ancient Greece, and European Christianity. Similarities? Differences?
Christianity
The ancient Greek pantheon.

14. Religious/ Intellectual History
Another example: Discuss the continuities and changes in the way that Europeans understood the universe (and their place in it) from Ptolemy to Copernicus. How has it changed? How is it the same?
Ptolomaic,
160 BCE
Copernican
1543 CE

15. Religious/ Intellectual History
Your turn: Statue of the Buddha in China. What questions might an historian ask?
Buddhism developed in India in the 5th century BCE.
This carving is located in China (the “Leshan Giant Buddha”), and was carved in the 7th century BCE.
In your own words, what is religious/intellectual history?

16. INTERACTIONS War, Diplomacy, Exchanges

17. Interactions
When we study the interactions between peoples, we look at things like wars, trade and commerce, diplomacy, migrations… really anything that puts people in contact with each other.
In this class, a big focus is on looking at how cultures have interacted with each other across time, and the resultant conflicts, diffusions, and changes.
Although not a specific, separate theme, it is important to include “interactions” in our study and understanding of history (many of the questions posed above have focused on these “interactions.).

18. POLITICS: FUNCTIONS & STRUCTURES OF STATES; REVOLUTIONS

19. Political History
Political history looks at the various political structures, hierarchies, and ideologies that have existed across time.
How does a people define power? Where does political power come from?
What political structure best supports those ideas? Who wields power and how?
What political ideas unite and/or divide people?
What are the causes and effects of competition for power?

20. Political History
Example: Compare and contrast the nature of power in ancient Egypt and modern-day United States. Similarities? Differences?
American President
Egyptian Pharaoh

21. Political History
Another example: Analyze the continuities and changes in the size and structure of the Mongol Empire between 1206 and What stayed the same? What changed? Why?

22. Political History Your turn: Revolt and Revolution.
What questions might an historian ask?
In your own words, what is political history?
Liberty Leading the People
Eugene Delacroix, 1830

23. TECHNOLOGY

24. History of Technology
When we look at the history of technology, we look not only at technological inventions and improvements, but we study and analyze the impact that they have on their respective societies and cultures.
Remember, technology includes everything from the simple wheel and the earliest flint tools, to your iphones, particle accelerators, and the International Space Station.

25. History of Technology
Example: Analyze the continuities and changes in agricultural production of sugar between the 19th century and today. What’s stayed the same? What has changed?
Sugar harvest, 1800’s
Sugar harvest, today.

26. History of Technology Your turn: the Industrial Revolution.
What questions might an historian ask?
In your own words, what is the history of technology?
Photograph of women working in
a textile mill in England, early 1800s.

27. ECONOMICS Trade, Commerce, and Economic Systems

28. Economic History
Economic history includes the study of wealth, how it is produced and exchanged, and the systems that are put in place to control and support it.
Economic history includes trade and commerce, which are an incredibly significant component to this class, as it is the primary reason that people have come into contact with each other.

29. Economic History Your turn: Trade.
What questions might an historian ask?
In your own words, what is economic history?
The Silk Roads, major trade route extending over 4,000 miles.
Began during the Han dynasty in the 1st century BCE, ultimately disintegrating
By 1453.

30. DEMOGRAPHY, DISEASE & ENVIRONMENT
URBANIZATION, MIGRATION, ECOCIDE

31. Demographic History
Within this theme, we look closely at demography, disease, and the interaction of humans and their environment.
Demographics is the study of population, in terms of size, make up, and movement.
This includes the study of migrations, including the push and pull factors that influence who moves where and why.

32. Demographic History Your turn: Population.
What questions might an historian ask?
In your own words, define demographic history.

33. A.P. WORLD HISTORY:
PERIODIZATION

34. WHAT IS PERIODIZATION? Each period is defined by specific conditions
A geographical delineation that answers where
When civilization contracts, shrinks geographically
When civilization spreads from smaller to wider area
Contacts and Interactions
Increase, decrease in contacts across regions
Parallel Developments
Whether indigenous or diffused,
Shared characteristics
Dates
Time is not best way to define a period
Characteristics and chronology
Period may occur
At different time
In different regions

35. PRE-HISTORY Foundations, I
Two Sub-Periods of the Stone Age
Paleolithic
Nomadic, hunting and gathering
Small bands led by those with specialized hunting knowledge
Neolithic
Sedentary, farming and herding
Semi-Nomadic: Slash/Burn (Shifting) and Pastoralism
Villages with tribal structures, families; chiefs
Geographic Component
It occurred at different times in different places
Chronological Component
Paleolithic from 1 million to 8000 BCE
Neolithic from 6000 BCE to 4500 BCE
Technology
Stone, bone and wood gave way to handicrafts, artifacts

36. Foundations, II Geography: River Valleys From 4,500 BCE to 600 BCE
Begins with agricultural surpluses
Leads to towns, cities, changes to hierarchy
Generally small city-states, hereditary rulers
Elite classes especially warriors, priests
Rise of Institutions
Long lasting social patterns
Religion and Government
Time of Technological Innovation
Two Alternate Names
Hearth Civilizations, Ancient River Valley Civilizations
Bronze Age Civilizations
Ends with rise of large, regional empires

37. Classical Period 600 BCE – 600 CE Integrate regions
Iron Age
Large, regional empires
Military aristocracies
Integrate regions
Cosmopolitan Traditions
Religions, Philosophies
Regional Civilizations
China, India, SW Asia (Cuneiform), Mediterranean
Mesoamerica and Andean America
Strong contacts between regional centers
Many areas outside classical civilizations
Ends with massive nomadic invasions

38. Post-Classical Period
6th century CE to 1450 CE
Began with rise of Islam
First trans-regional civilization
Spans Eurasia and Africa
Era of two great powers: Islam, China
Ended due to Turks, Mongols, Black Death
Characteristics
Spread of universalizing religions, philosophies
Buddhism, Islam, Christianity
Saw rise of new civilization centers
Andes, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, SE Asia, Japan
Emergence of network of global contacts
Ages of Faith, Aristocracy,
Age of Increasing Inequalities especially Gender

39. Early Modern Era 1450 – 1750 CE World Shrinks Great exchanges
Rise of gunpowder empires
An Age of Absolutism
Rise of Western Europe
Religious Strife
World Shrinks
All continents included in world network
Global trade develops for first time
Great exchanges
Goods, products, flora, fauna, people, germs
Ideas especially European, Christianity
Demographic Shifts in Americas, Eurasia

40. Modern Era 1750 to 1914: “The West and the Rest”
Era of massive technological change
Era of many revolutions
Technological
Political
Social
Intellectual, Artistic
Vast trade networks
Western Global Hegemony
Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia
USA, Japan are newest powers
Dominance of Western Culture
Resistance
Modernization, Industrialization, Westernization?
Demographic shift; urbanization

41. Contemporary Era 1914 to Present “Change, Change, Change”
1914 – 1945: Europe’s Twilight
1945 – Present: Atomic Age
The American Century, Retreat of Europe
Rise of Pacific Rim, India
Collapse of European empires
Jihad vs. McWorld
Modernization vs. westernization
Modernization vs. traditionalism
Secularism vs. change
Rise of new political forms
Non-State Governmental Organizations
Supranationalism; Internationalism
Mass culture
Technology, telecommunications dominate age
Demography and Environment as Major Concerns

42. WHAP Periodization Period 1, Foundations
Technological and Environmental Transformations
To c. 600 BCE
Key Concepts:
Big Geography & Peopling of the Earth
The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

43. WHAP Periodization Period 2
Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies
c. 600 BCE – c. 600 CE
Key Concepts:
Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions
Development of States and Empires
Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

44. WHAP Periodization Period 3 Regional and Transregional Interactions
Key Concepts:
Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions
Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

45. WHAP Periodization Period 4 Global Interactions C. 1450 – 1750
Key Concepts:
Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

46. WHAP Periodization Period 5 Industrialization and Global Integration
c – 1900
Key Concepts:
Industrialization and Global Capitalism
Imperialism and Nation State Formation
Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
Global Migration

47. WHAP Periodization Period 6
Accelerating Global Change and Realignments
c to the Present
Key Concepts:
Science and the Environment
Global Conflicts and their Consequences
New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture