1. Terrorism

2.  Variety of descriptions and definitions  Tactic/strategy  Crime/holy duty  Reaction to oppression/inexcusable abomination  Depends on the point of view

3.  “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological”

4.  Violence  Fear  Intimidation

5.  “Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance or political or social objectives”

6.  “An anxiety inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi) clandestine individual, group, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby- in contrast to assassination- the direct targets of violence are not the main targets.”

7.  Criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim  Terrorists commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause

8.  They plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose.  Effectiveness of attack lies in the public’s reaction to the act

9. “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter” This is misleading. This can make it seem like it is valid. If one commits a terrorist act, it is terrorism regardless.

10.  Political  Psychological  Coercive  Dynamic  Deliberate

11.  Act is intended to cause a political effect

12.  Cause psychological effect (terror)  Population as a whole, ethnic minority, decision makers in political, social, or military area

13.  Violence and destruction  Threat of violence produces intended effect

14.  Demands change, revolution, or political movement

15.  Planned and intended to achieve goals  Specifically selected target, not a random act  Victims are often of little importance  Victims or target can appear random

16.  Information must reach the target audience

17.  More operations are carried out in societies where individual rights and civil legal protections prevail  Usually avoid repressive governments

18.  Exception is a repressive regime that does not have the ability to enforce security

19.  Non-religious goals: highly selective and discriminate acts of violence to achieve the specific political aim  Often keeps casualties at the minimum necessary to attain the objective

20.  Religious: inflict as many casualties as possible  Loss of life is irrelevant and the more casualties the better

21.  Non religious:  Targets will be highly symbolic of authority-government offices, banks, national airlines, multinational corporations with direct relation to established order

22.  Targets will be individuals they associate with economic exploitation, social injustice, or political repression

23.  Religious:  Tend to connect with a greater physical devastation- and tend to add religiously affiliated individuals, such as missionaries, and religious activities

24.  Common to strike on anniversaries or commemorative dates

25.  Bombings  Kidnappings/Hostage Takings  Armed Attacks and Assassinations  Arsons and Firebombings  Hijackings and Skyjackings  Can also include robberies, extortion  Cyberterroism

26.  Can be individuals, groups, or states  A “terrorist” will look, dress, and behave like a normal person, until he or she carries out the mission  Profiling based on personality, physical, or sociological traits would not appear to be very useful

27.  Laws, deportations, enhanced police  Adding traffic barriers  Pre-emptive military action  Increased intelligence and surveillance activities  More permissive interrogation and detention policies  Acceptance of torture as a tool

29.  Transatlantic flight from London Heathrow Airport to New York’s John F. Kennedy’s International Airport  December 21, 1988  Destroyed by a bomb- killed all 243 passengers and 16 crew members

30.  11 people in Lockerbie, Scotland, were also killed as large sections of the plane fell in the town and destroyed several houses  Total fatalities: 270  Event is called Lockerbie Bombing

31.  Thought to be an ordered attack by Muammar Gaddafi (Libya)  No emergency procedures had been started- explosion made a 20 inch wide hole on left side of fuselage  Disintegration was rapid  Nose of the aircraft separated from the main section within three seconds

32.  189 were American citizens, 43 were British citizens  Deadliest act of terror against the U.S. prior to September 11.  At least four U.S. government officials on the passenger list- and potentially a fifth as well  Could one or more of them been the target?

33.  On December 5 (16 days before attack) a warning was given  A Pan Am flight from Frankfurt to the U.S. would be blown up within two weeks by someone associated with the Abu Nidal Organization

34.  Warning was taken seriously by the U.S.  In Frankfurt, the warning was found under a pile of papers on a desk the day after the bombing  PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) said extremists might launch a terrorist attack

35.  Several groups claimed responsibility  Guardians of the Islamic Revolution (in retaliation for U.S. shootdown of Iran Flight 655 in Persian Gulf the previous July)

36.  2003 Libya admitted responsibility but did not admit guilt  During 2011 Libyan civil war, ex- Minister of Justice Mustafa Abdul Jalil stated in an interview that Muammar Gaddafi had personally ordered the bombing

39.  February 26, 1993  Truck bomb was detonated below the North Tower of the World Trade Center  It was supposed to knock down the North Tower into the South Tower

40.  Killed 6 people  Injured 1042  In March 1994: four men were convicted of carrying out the bombing  Ramzi Yousef- mastermind behind bombing

41.  He had spent time at Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan  1991 began planning the attack  Yousef’s uncle Khalid Shaikh Mohammed Ali Fadden, gave him advice and tips over the phone, and funded him (the uncle is considered the principal architect of 9/11)

42.  Yousef mailed letters to various New York newspapers just before the attack- claimed to belong to “Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion”  Wanted U.S. to end all aid to Israel  End US diplomatic relations with Israel  Pledge by US to end interference with any of the Middle East countries interior affairs

43.  Yousef and a friend drove a yellow Ryder van and pulled into the public parking garage under the WTC around noon  Ignited the fuse, fled  Bomb exploded and opened a 98 foot wide hole through four sublevels of concrete

44.  Cut off main power line, knocked out emergency lighting as well  Smoke went up to 93 rd floor  Thick smoke went into the stairwells  Evacuation was difficult  Hundreds were trapped in elevators when power was cut (17 kindergartners on way down were trapped for 5 hours)

46.  Series of attacks  Date of the bombings (August 7, 1998) was the anniversary of the arrival of American forces in Saudi Arabia  Linked to local members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad- Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri

47.  Bin Laden went on the Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list  Revenge for American involvement in the extradition, alleged torture of four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad who had been arrested in Albania in the two months prior to explosions

48.  Bin Laden initially stated that the sites were targeted because of the “invasion” of Somalia  He told his followers that the genocide in Rwanda had been planned inside the two American embassies

49.  Suicide bombers in trucks with explosives parked outside the embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi  Nairobi: 212 people killed, 4000 wounded (Kenya)  Dar es Salaam: 11 killed, 85 wounded (Tanzania)

50.  Suicide attack on U.S. Navy detroyer USS Cole  October 12, 2000  Harbored in Yemeni port of Aden  17 American soldiers were killed  39 injured

52.  Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack  U.S. judge held Sudan liable for the attack  $13 million in Sudanese frozen assets to the relatives of those killed

53.  Small craft approached the port side of the destroyer and an explosion occurred  40 x 40 foot gash in ship’s port side  400-700 pounds of explosive were used

54.  June 2001: Al-Qaeda recruitment video featuring Osama bin Laden boasted about the attack and encouraged similar attack

55.  September 11 hijacker Khalid al- Mihdhar helped plan the attack (he was on American Airlines Flight 77, which flew into the Pentagon, killing 184 victims)

56.  Afterward, people in Yemeni parliament were calling for jihad against America

57.  Rules of engagement- kept guards from firing upon the small boat as it neared them without first obtaining permission from the Cole’s captain or another officer

58.  U.S. law states that an attack against a military target does not meet the legal definition of terrorism  In Afghanistan the bombing was a “great victory for bin Laden. Al-Qaeda camps…filled with new recruits, and contributors from the Gulf States arrived…”

59.  Both the Clinton Administration and the Bush Administration had been criticized for failing to respond militarily to the attack on the USS Cole before September 11, 2001

60.  “Bin Laden complained frequently that the United States had not yet attacked [in response to the Cole]…Bin Laden wanted the United States to attack, and if it did not he would launch something bigger.”

63.  Began September 18, 2001  Letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several news media offices and two Democratic U.S. Senators  Killed five people  Infected 17 people

64.  Bruce Edwards Ivins: scientist who worked at the government’s biodefense labs at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland  He was placed under periodic surveillance  Killed himself in 2008

65.  August 6, 2008- federal prosecutors declared Ivins to be the sole culprit of the crime (even though they did not have any direct evidence)

66.  First set of anthrax letters had a Trenton, New Jersey postmark dated September 18, 2001  Five letters were mailed at this point: ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, New York Post, and the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida

67.  It appeared as a coarse brown granular material looking like Purina Dog Chow  One man died in this wave, and others were ill

68.  Addressed to two Democratic Senators, Tom Daschle of South Dakota and Patrick Leahy of Vermont  Daschle was the Senate Majority Leader  Leahy was head of Senate Judiciary Committee

69.  Government mail service was shut down  Second round was more potent than first  Highly refined dry powder consisting of about one gram of nearly pure spores

70.  At least 22 people developed anthrax infections, 11 had the life- threatening inhalation variety  Five died of inhalation anthrax  These have been compared to the Unabomber attacks

71.  Some of the letters were bolded  TTT AAT TAT  Each sequence of three nucleic acids will cose for a specific amino acid  TTT: Phenylalanine (F)  AAT: Asparagine (N)  TAT: Tyrosine (Y)

72.  Two possible hidden meanings:  1. FNY: verbal assault on New York  2. PAT: nickname of Ivins’ colleague

73.  White House officials felt it was Al Qaeda responsible  We were trying to connect Iraq with it also  John McCain suggested on David Letterman that the anthrax may have come from Iraq

77.  Look at the information about the Beltway Snipers  Review the information about Terrorism at the beginning of these slides  Your journal: Were the Beltway Snipers terrorists or was it murder? Explain your view and support it.