1. The Nature of Geology Chapter 1 pg. 2-17

2. 1.0 The Nature of Geology Geology has many expressions in the world. Geology has many expressions in the world. Reshape Earth’s interior and surface Reshape Earth’s interior and surface Determine distribution of metals and petroleum Determine distribution of metals and petroleum Control places susceptible to natural disasters Control places susceptible to natural disasters Impact factors critical to ecosystems Impact factors critical to ecosystems Ex. Climate, water availability Ex. Climate, water availability

3. The impact of Geology Glacier National Park (Montana) Glacier National Park (Montana) Formed by glaciers over the last 2 million years. Formed by glaciers over the last 2 million years. Question: What controls Earth’s climate? Question: What controls Earth’s climate? Question: What evidence is there of past climatic change? Question: What evidence is there of past climatic change?

4. The impact of Geology Mt. St. Helens Mt. St. Helens Southwest Washington Southwest Washington Erupted in 1980 Erupted in 1980 Volcanic ash Volcanic ash Floods Floods Mud flows Mud flows Toppled trees Toppled trees Question: How do geologic studies help us determine where it is safe to live? Question: How do geologic studies help us determine where it is safe to live?

5. The impact of Geology The Florida Everglades The Florida Everglades One of the most environmentally threatened places on planet One of the most environmentally threatened places on planet Due to water use Due to water use Question: How can geologists help study and protect this and other natural treasures? Question: How can geologists help study and protect this and other natural treasures?

6. How does geology effect this place? Observe this landscape and identify ways that the features might influence where we live landslides Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes along fault lines

7. A View of North America: What do you notice?

8. What controls the distribution of resources? Observe the locations of iron mines (blue) versus copper mines (orange) cont. to next slide

9. 1.1 What controls the distribution of natural resources? Pg. 5 in your book. Pg. 5 in your book. Copper mines are orange Copper mines are orange Iron mines are blue Iron mines are blue Why are the different types of mines distributed in the areas that they are? Why are the different types of mines distributed in the areas that they are? Answer: Magma formed copper-rich granite west of the mountains. Answer: Magma formed copper-rich granite west of the mountains. The iron precipitated out of the seas when oxygen became more abundant. The iron precipitated out of the seas when oxygen became more abundant.

10. 1.2 How does Geology Help Explain Our World? Why do continents have different regions? Why do continents have different regions? What are some distinct regions in the picture? What are some distinct regions in the picture? What controls the topography of an area? What controls the topography of an area?

11. How Has the Global Climate Changed Since the Ice Age? Name some differences between the two pictures. Name some differences between the two pictures. What could have caused the change? What could have caused the change? What might happen in the future? What might happen in the future? 28,000 years ago today

12. What Processes Affect Our Planet?

13. Internal Forces p. 10 Internal Forces p. 10 Energy coming from within the earth. Energy coming from within the earth. Heat trapped during formation of planet Heat trapped during formation of planet Heat produced by radioactive decay Heat produced by radioactive decay Gravitational attraction Gravitational attraction All things that have mass exert a gravitational attraction on other objects. All things that have mass exert a gravitational attraction on other objects. If the mass is large and the objects are close, there is a stronger pull If the mass is large and the objects are close, there is a stronger pull Question: How will that impact Earth’s processes? Question: How will that impact Earth’s processes?

14. What Processes Affect Our Planet? External forces External forces Energy Energy Most of our energy comes from the sun. Most of our energy comes from the sun. Note: the angle that sunlight hits the earth determines the amount of energy transferred. Note: the angle that sunlight hits the earth determines the amount of energy transferred. Impacts ocean and wind currents Impacts ocean and wind currents Gravitational pull Gravitational pull Pull of gravity from sun and moon Pull of gravity from sun and moon

15. Density Density is the amount of mass per a given volume. Density is the amount of mass per a given volume. Room example. Room example. D=m/v where m is in grams (g) and v is in milliliters (ml) or cm 3 D=m/v where m is in grams (g) and v is in milliliters (ml) or cm 3

16. Density and Phases of Matter As a substance changes matter from gas to solid the substance will become more dense in most cases. As a substance changes matter from gas to solid the substance will become more dense in most cases. Particles gain and Particles gain and lose energy causing increased and decreasedmovement.

17. Exception to the rule When water freezes it become less dense and will float in water. When water freezes it become less dense and will float in water. WHY???????? WHY????????

18. Regular objects Have a regular shape. Example: square, rectangle etc. Have a regular shape. Example: square, rectangle etc. Mass is determined using a balance. (g) Mass is determined using a balance. (g) Volume is determined using a ruler (the metric side) (cm 3 ) Volume is determined using a ruler (the metric side) (cm 3 ) Length x width x height. Length x width x height.

19. Irregular objects Cannot find the volume with a ruler. Example: a marble Cannot find the volume with a ruler. Example: a marble Mass is determined using a balance. Mass is determined using a balance. Volume is found by the water displacement method using a graduated cylinder. Volume is found by the water displacement method using a graduated cylinder.

20. Density examples If I have a regular shaped object with a mass of 20.4g and a volume of 5.3cm 3, what is the density? If I have a regular shaped object with a mass of 20.4g and a volume of 5.3cm 3, what is the density?

21. Density example If I have a regular shaped object with a mass of 7.24g and a density of 1.43 g/cm 3, what is the volume of the object? If I have a regular shaped object with a mass of 7.24g and a density of 1.43 g/cm 3, what is the volume of the object?

22. Density example If I have an irregular shaped object that is placed into a graduated cylinder that had an initial volume of 14.35mL and after the object was added, rose to 16.42mL, what is the mass of the object if the density is 2.42g/cm 3 ? If I have an irregular shaped object that is placed into a graduated cylinder that had an initial volume of 14.35mL and after the object was added, rose to 16.42mL, what is the mass of the object if the density is 2.42g/cm 3 ?

23. Scientific Method 6 Steps 6 Steps Define Problem Define Problem Research Problem Research Problem Form Hypothesis Form Hypothesis Test Hypothesis Test Hypothesis Analyze Data Analyze Data Form Conclusion Form Conclusion

24. Hypothesis Educated guess Educated guess Must be testable Must be testable

25. Experiment Must be controlled Must be controlled Can only test one variable at a time Can only test one variable at a time Must be repeatable Must be repeatable

26. Conclusion Must reflect the hypothesis Must reflect the hypothesis The hypothesis was correct because… The hypothesis was correct because… The hypothesis was incorrect because…. The hypothesis was incorrect because….

27. Variables Factors that affect experiment Factors that affect experiment Independent variable- variable that experimenter controls, does not change based on other variables Independent variable- variable that experimenter controls, does not change based on other variables Dependent Variable- variable which changes based on other variables. Dependent Variable- variable which changes based on other variables.

28. Observation vs. Inference Observation- made using one of the senses. Not an opinion. Observation- made using one of the senses. Not an opinion. Inference- Using observations to make a guess about an object or outcome. Can be a scientific opinion Inference- Using observations to make a guess about an object or outcome. Can be a scientific opinion