1. Hands-On Grammar
ADVANCED

2. Object of the preposition
Noun Functions
Direct object
Indirect object
Predicate nominative
Appositive
Noun of direct address
Subject
Object of the preposition

3. Direct Object receives the action of the verb
noun or pronoun that follows the action verb
underlined and coded with a circle around it and D.O. above it
EXAMPLE: The chair scraped the floor.
The chair is the subject, scraped is the action verb, and floor is the direct object.
Scraped what ? Answer: floor
D.O.

4. Indirect Object tells to whom or for whom the action is done
noun or pronoun that is between the action verb and the direct object (can’t have an indirect object without a direct object)
underlined and coded with a box around it and I.O. above it
EXAMPLE: Susan gave Bob a gift.
Susan is the subject, gave is the action verb, gift is the direct object, and Bob is the indirect object.
Gave what (gift) to whom ? Answer: Bob
I.O.
D.O.

5. Predicate Nominative
noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject
underlined and coded with a P.N. above it
Examples: Mrs. Jones is the principal.
It was a forest.
His shoes are cleats.
P.N.
P.N.
P.N.

6. Appositive
word or phrase that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that comes right before it
underlined and coded with a circle around it and APP above it
Example:
Thomas Edison, an American inventor, is
responsible for many patents.
APP

7. Noun of Direct Address names the person or group being spoken to
underlined and coded with NDA above it
Example:
Are you sure that is the right
answer, John?
NDA

8. Subject noun or pronoun that the sentence is about
underlined and coded with S above it
Examples:
Joshua gathered his toys.
Green men will not invade Earth! S S

9. Object of the Preposition
noun or pronoun that follows the preposition
underlined and coded with OP above it and close the parentheses after it
Example:
Ronald hobbled down the street
because he twisted his ankle getting
out of the car. OP OP

10. Possessive noun/pronoun
Other Functions
Predicate adjective
Infinitive
Possessive noun/pronoun
Clauses

11. Predicate Adjective
adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject
coded like an adjective and with P.A. above it
Example:
His shoes are incredibly comfortable.
adj.
P.A.

12. Infinitive
to plus a verb (to eat, to sleep) that can act as an adjective, adverb, or noun
coded with parentheses around it and with its function as an adjective, adverb, or noun
Example:
Martians might use flying saucers
to invade Earth.
He wants to start right away.
adv.
D.O.

13. Possessive Noun/Pronoun
noun or pronoun that shows ownership of another noun or pronoun
coded like an adjective
Examples:
Her cheeks were so red!
Is that Angela’s sweater?
adj.
adj.

14. are dependent (cannot stand alone)
Clauses
are dependent (cannot stand alone)
can be noun, adjective, or adverb clauses
when building sentences with clauses, each clause only needs one card (n, adj, adv)

15. Noun Clauses usually begin with the following words:
that, how, when, where, whether, why, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever
can serve as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, or predicate nominative
coded with an underline under entire clause
Example:
The director determined who would design the set.
A love of theater is what motivates her.

16. Adjective Clauses usually begin with a relative pronoun:
who, whom, whose, that, which
tell which one, what kind, or how many, and describe nouns or pronouns
coded with parentheses around it and like an adjective
Example:
The gear that a climber brings is important
to his success.
adj.

17. Adverb Clauses usually begin with a subordinating conjunction:
if, because, before, than, as, even though, so that, while, where, when, as if, since
tell where, when, why, how, to what extent, and under what conditions
coded with parentheses around it and like an adverb
Example:
Because the trails were slippery, they were cautious.
adv.