1. 1 I.Pathway of Energy A.Energy Flow Chart

2. 2 II.Photosynthesis – sunlight is captured using chlorophyll and is converted into chemical energy stored in bonds of carbohydrates. A.Information 1.Equation: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O chlorophyll + sunlight > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon water glucoseoxygen dioxide REACTANTSPRODUCTS a)Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplast. 2.Autotroph – organism that uses sunlight to make their own food.

3. 3 B.Where does it occur? 1.Occurs in the chloroplast a)Chloroplasts consists of stacks of membrane sacs called thylakoids. 1)Stacks of thylakoids are called grana. 2)A fluid substance surrounds the grana is called stroma. 3)Chlorophyll is in the thylakoid membrane.

4. 4 Figure 8-6

5. 5 C.Two main Steps 1.Light Dependent Reactions: a)Set of reactions that convert light energy to chemical energy. b)Occurs in the grana of thylakoid. c)2 stages: Stage 1:  Sunlight is converted to electrical energy -> electron transport.  Sunlight is captured by chlorophyll causing water molecules to split.

6. 6 Light Dependent Reaction Stage 1

7. 7 Stage 2:  Electrons pass through the thylakoid membrane through a process called electron transport chain.  ATP (energy) is formed by this process.

8. 8 2.Light Independent Reactions: a)Set of reactions that produce organic compounds, using the chemical energy produced during the light dependent reactions. b)Occurs in the stroma (outside the thylakoids). c)Sometimes called ‘Dark Reactions.’ d)Uses the Calvin Cycle. Calvin Cycle:  Series of reactions where Carbon from CO 2 is ‘fixed’ to form a 6-carbon molecule (carbon fixation)  makes glucose.

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10. 10  C3 plant – plants that uses the Calvin Cycle where two 3-carbon molecules are joined together to form a 6-carbon (glucose).  CAM – Crassulacean Acid Metabolism; desert plants take in CO 2 at night and store as acid till sunlight was present.  Advantage – prevents water moisture loss.

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12. 12 III.Respiration – process by which living organisms obtain energy from the bonds of food molecules. A.Information 1.Equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP glucose oxygenCarbon water energy dioxide 2.Autotrophs + heterotrophs (cannot make their own food). 3.Glucose (food) comes from photosynthesis.

13. 13 B.2 Types of Respiration: 1.Aerobic Respiration – respiration where oxygen is abundantly present. a)Produces large amounts of Adenosine triphospate (ATP). 2.Anaerobic Respiration – respiration where oxygen is NOT abundantly present. a)Produces small amounts of ATP. b)Also called fermentation. C.The Cellular Respiration Process 1.Glucose enters the body as food  digested  taken into the cells by the bloodstream.

14. 14 2.Glycolysis – process by which glucose (6-carbon sugar) is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3-carbon) a)Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. b)Produces 2 ATP from the breaking of the bonds in glucose. c)Figure 9-2, page 222

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16. 16 3.Krebs Cycle:

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18. 18  Summary: ProcessAerobicAnaerobic Glycolysis2 ATP2 ATP Krebs Cycle2 ATP0 ATP E - Trans. chain32 ATP0 ATP TOTAL36 ATP2 ATP  Aerobic respiration is more efficient, because it produces more energy.

19. 19 D.Adenosine triphosphate, ATP 1.Composed of Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups. 2.Figure 8-2, p. 202 1.ADP vs. ATP a)ADP = adenosine diphosphate (2) b)ATP = adenosine triphosphate (3)

20. 20 E.Anaerobic Respiration 1.Lactic Acid Fermentation: a)Occurs in animal cells (muscle cells). 2.Alcoholic Fermentation: a)Occurs in plant cells and yeast. b)Beer + wine is made this way.

21. 21 F.Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration

22. 22 IV.Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen Cycles A.Oxygen + Carbon Cycles

23. 23 B.Nitrogen cycle 1.N makes up to 78% of the atmosphere. 2.Nitrogen fixation – N 2 gas is ocnverted to ammonium compounds (NH 4 OH). 3.Ammonification – bacteria breakdown waste and decaying organisms to form ammonium compounds (NH 4 OH). 4.Nitrification – bacteria form nitrites (NO 2 ) and nitrates (NO 3 ). 5.Denitrification – bacteria breakdown nitrites and nitrates to form N 2 gas.