1. Indirect Discoverers of the New World Norse (Viking) discoverers Norse (Viking) discoverers 1000 AD – reached shores of North America 1000 AD – reached shores of North America Landed in Newfoundland Landed in Newfoundland Norse called the place Vinland for its wild grapes Norse called the place Vinland for its wild grapes No strong nation-state, seeking expansion, supported Norse discoveries No strong nation-state, seeking expansion, supported Norse discoveries Weak settlements soon abandoned Weak settlements soon abandoned Discoveries forgotten except in Scandinavian legend Discoveries forgotten except in Scandinavian legend

2. Viking Settlement and Trade

3. Indirect Discoverers of the New World 1000s – 1400s – restless Europeans explored world for conquest and trade 1000s – 1400s – restless Europeans explored world for conquest and trade Africa Africa Asia Asia Accidental discovery of Americas Accidental discovery of Americas

4. The Crusades

5. Indirect Discoverers of the New World Expanded trade with Asia Expanded trade with Asia Crusaders opened trade routes to east Crusaders opened trade routes to east Silk, new drugs, perfumes, spices (especially sugar)‏ Silk, new drugs, perfumes, spices (especially sugar)‏ Very expensive to transport goods from Asia Very expensive to transport goods from Asia

6. Trade Routes with the East

7. Europeans Enter Africa Portuguese pushed further southward along African coast Portuguese pushed further southward along African coast 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias rounded southern tip of Africa 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias rounded southern tip of Africa 1498 – Vasco de Gama reached India 1498 – Vasco de Gama reached India Later Europeans named any unknown land “Indies” Later Europeans named any unknown land “Indies” Returned home with small (but tempting) cargo of jewels and spices Returned home with small (but tempting) cargo of jewels and spices

8. Portuguese Exploration Along the African Coast

9. Europeans Enter Africa 1400s – Spain united 1400s – Spain united Muslims expelled from Spain by 1492 (Reconquista) Muslims expelled from Spain by 1492 (Reconquista) Unity achieved by marriage of 2 monarchs Unity achieved by marriage of 2 monarchs Ferdinand of Aragon (eastern Spain) Ferdinand of Aragon (eastern Spain) Isabella of Castile (western Spain) Isabella of Castile (western Spain) Spain eager to expand to compete with Portuguese Spain eager to expand to compete with Portuguese Looked to west because of Portuguese dominance of east (around Africa) Looked to west because of Portuguese dominance of east (around Africa)

10. Columbus Comes upon a New World Events leading up to discovery of New World Events leading up to discovery of New World Europeans wanted more (and cheaper) products from Asia Europeans wanted more (and cheaper) products from Asia Africa established as source of cheap slave labor Africa established as source of cheap slave labor Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long-range voyages Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long-range voyages Spain – modern nation-state took shape with unity, wealth, power to explore faraway places Spain – modern nation-state took shape with unity, wealth, power to explore faraway places Renaissance (began in 1300s) gave Europeans adventurous spirit and thirst for knowledge Renaissance (began in 1300s) gave Europeans adventurous spirit and thirst for knowledge Printing presses (1450) allowed spread of scientific knowledge Printing presses (1450) allowed spread of scientific knowledge Mariner’s compass invented (possibly borrowed from Arabs)‏ Mariner’s compass invented (possibly borrowed from Arabs)‏

11. The World Known to Europe, 1492

12. Columbus Comes upon a New World Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Italian sailor persuaded Spanish Ferdinand and Isabella to give him 3 ships Italian sailor persuaded Spanish Ferdinand and Isabella to give him 3 ships Searching for westward route to Indies (Asia)‏ Searching for westward route to Indies (Asia)‏ Sailed for 6 weeks Sailed for 6 weeks October 12, 1492 – reached island in the Bahamas October 12, 1492 – reached island in the Bahamas

13. Columbus Comes upon a New World Columbus’ historical discovery Columbus’ historical discovery Landed in huge land barrier between Europe and Asia Landed in huge land barrier between Europe and Asia Columbus believed he had landed in “Indies” (Asia) Columbus believed he had landed in “Indies” (Asia) Called natives “Indians” Called natives “Indians” For decades after, explorers tried to sail around America to get to Asia For decades after, explorers tried to sail around America to get to Asia Gradually realized that they were exploring a huge new continent Gradually realized that they were exploring a huge new continent

14. Columbus’ View of the World

15. Modern View of the World

16. Columbus Comes upon a New World Effects of Columbus’ discovery Effects of Columbus’ discovery Radically affected 4 continents (both Americas, Africa, Europe) Radically affected 4 continents (both Americas, Africa, Europe) Interdependent global economic system of trade emerged Interdependent global economic system of trade emerged Europe provided the markets, capital, technology Europe provided the markets, capital, technology Africa furnished the labor Africa furnished the labor New World offered raw materials (especially precious metals and soil for sugar cane) New World offered raw materials (especially precious metals and soil for sugar cane)

17. When Worlds Collide From New World to Old World From New World to Old World Tobacco, beans, tomatoes, potato transformed European diet and economy Tobacco, beans, tomatoes, potato transformed European diet and economy 3/5 of crops today originally came from Americas 3/5 of crops today originally came from Americas Maize, manioc (starchy tuberous root, similar to a potato), sweet potatoes fed Africa Maize, manioc (starchy tuberous root, similar to a potato), sweet potatoes fed Africa Ironically may have fed African population boom that offset the population loss from the slave trade Ironically may have fed African population boom that offset the population loss from the slave trade New animals like iguana and rattlesnake New animals like iguana and rattlesnake Syphilis introduced in Old World for 1 st time Syphilis introduced in Old World for 1 st time

18. When Worlds Collide From Old World to New World From Old World to New World Cattle, swine, horses Cattle, swine, horses Horses spread to Mexico and up to Canada Horses spread to Mexico and up to Canada Great Plains Indians – Apaches, Sioux, Blackfoot adopted the horse and were transformed into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies Great Plains Indians – Apaches, Sioux, Blackfoot adopted the horse and were transformed into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies Sugar cane Sugar cane Brought by Columbus and thrived in Caribbean Brought by Columbus and thrived in Caribbean “sugar revolution” in European diet, fueled by slave labor “sugar revolution” in European diet, fueled by slave labor Seeds of Kentucky bluegrass, dandelions, daisies Seeds of Kentucky bluegrass, dandelions, daisies Smallpox, yellow fever, malaria Smallpox, yellow fever, malaria

19. The Columbian Exchange Activity: transfer this information to your world map

20. Growing Use of the Horse by Plains Indians

21. When Worlds Collide Old World diseases devastated New World natives Old World diseases devastated New World natives 90% of the Indians in Americas in 1492 died in centuries after Columbus 90% of the Indians in Americas in 1492 died in centuries after Columbus Smallpox

22. The Spanish Conquistadores 1500s – Spain dominant exploring and colonizing power in New World 1500s – Spain dominant exploring and colonizing power in New World Conquistadores (conquerors) came to Americas for God, gold, glory Conquistadores (conquerors) came to Americas for God, gold, glory

23. The Spanish Conquistadores Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León 1513 and 1521 – traveled into Florida 1513 and 1521 – traveled into Florida Probably searching for gold (not mythical fountain of youth) Probably searching for gold (not mythical fountain of youth) Killed by an Indian on 2 nd voyage Killed by an Indian on 2 nd voyage

24. The Spanish Conquistadores Francisco Coronado Francisco Coronado 1540 – 1542 – travelled around Arizona and New Mexico; as far east as Kansas 1540 – 1542 – travelled around Arizona and New Mexico; as far east as Kansas Searched for (nonexistent) golden cities Searched for (nonexistent) golden cities Discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of buffalo Discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of buffalo

25. The Spanish Conquistadores Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro 1532 – crushed Inca of Peru, gaining huge amounts of wealth for Spain 1532 – crushed Inca of Peru, gaining huge amounts of wealth for Spain

26. The Spanish Conquistadores Importance of the West Indies Importance of the West Indies Served as bases for conquests of mainland Americas Served as bases for conquests of mainland Americas Supplies stored Supplies stored Men and horses rested Men and horses rested Served as testing laboratories for techniques to conquer native peoples Served as testing laboratories for techniques to conquer native peoples Encomienda system – allowed government to commend (give) Indians to certain colonists in return for their promise to try and Christianize the Indians Encomienda system – allowed government to commend (give) Indians to certain colonists in return for their promise to try and Christianize the Indians In reality, a system of slavery In reality, a system of slavery

27. The Caribbean Colonies, 1660

28. The Conquest of Mexico 1519 – Hernán Cortés sailed from Cuba to Mexico to conquer Aztecs 1519 – Hernán Cortés sailed from Cuba to Mexico to conquer Aztecs 16 fresh horses and several hundred men 16 fresh horses and several hundred men On Yucatán Peninsula On Yucatán Peninsula Rescued a Spanish castaway who had been enslaved by Mayans (and understood Mayan) and a female Indian slave (Dona Marina, “Malinche”) who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl (language of the Aztec empire) Rescued a Spanish castaway who had been enslaved by Mayans (and understood Mayan) and a female Indian slave (Dona Marina, “Malinche”) who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl (language of the Aztec empire) Cortés now had advantage of superior firepower and ability to understand speech of the Indians he was about to conquer Cortés now had advantage of superior firepower and ability to understand speech of the Indians he was about to conquer

29. Explorations of Hernán Cortés

30. The Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1610

31. Spain’s North American Frontier, 1542-1823

32. 1680 – Popé’s Rebellion 1680 – Popé’s Rebellion What was it? What was it? Native American Rebellion against the Spanish in New Mexico Native American Rebellion against the Spanish in New Mexico Why did it occur? Why did it occur? 2,000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblos 2,000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblos Spanish priests and government suppressed Native practices that were inconsistent with Christianity Spanish priests and government suppressed Native practices that were inconsistent with Christianity Spanish demanded tribute and labor from Natives Spanish demanded tribute and labor from Natives What happened? What happened? Pope (Native religious leader) killed hundreds and forced Spanish to flee Pope (Native religious leader) killed hundreds and forced Spanish to flee Spain regains control in 1696 Spain regains control in 1696 Significance? Significance? Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the Natives Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the Natives Pueblos were given more freedoms from the Spanish Pueblos were given more freedoms from the Spanish

33. The Spread of Spanish America Converting Indians in California Converting Indians in California 1769 – Spanish missionaries led by Father Junipero Serra founded a mission in San Diego 1769 – Spanish missionaries led by Father Junipero Serra founded a mission in San Diego Eventually chain of 21 missions that went to Sonoma (north of San Francisco)‏ Eventually chain of 21 missions that went to Sonoma (north of San Francisco)‏ Serra Christianized 300,000 Indians Serra Christianized 300,000 Indians Indians brought into missions and taught agriculture and crafts Indians brought into missions and taught agriculture and crafts Lost contact with native cultures and many died because of contact with European diseases Lost contact with native cultures and many died because of contact with European diseases

34. Spain’s North American Frontier, 1542-1823

35. The Spread of Spanish America Spanish misdeeds led to rise of “Black Legend” Spanish misdeeds led to rise of “Black Legend” False idea that Spanish tortured and butchered the Indians (“killing for Christ”), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left only misery behind False idea that Spanish tortured and butchered the Indians (“killing for Christ”), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left only misery behind Legend popularized by anti-Catholic Protestants in Europe Legend popularized by anti-Catholic Protestants in Europe

36. The Spread of Spanish America Spanish did kill, enslave, infect countless natives Spanish did kill, enslave, infect countless natives But this was not a systematic slaughter (like the Holocaust) But this was not a systematic slaughter (like the Holocaust) Spain also brought some benefits to natives Spain also brought some benefits to natives Technology, law, culture, religion Technology, law, culture, religion Natives brought some benefits to Spanish Natives brought some benefits to Spanish Spanish intermarried with natives and fused native cultures into their own Spanish intermarried with natives and fused native cultures into their own

37. The “Black Legend”