4. Europe in 1914

5.  Nationalism  Imperialism  Alliances  Militarism  International Anarchy

6. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

7. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

8.  The Great Powers  Great Britain  Germany  Austria  Russia  Italy  France

9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= OJe1W_HIWmA&feature=relatedttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v= OJe1W_HIWmA&feature=related

10. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

12.  The Three Emperors’ League (1872)  The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78  The Dual Alliance  The Triple Alliance  The Reinsurance Treaty (1887)

13.  The Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)  Deterioration of Anglo-German Relations  The Anglo-French Entente (1904)  The Anglo-Russian Entente (1907)  The Triple Entente

15. 2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

17. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

18.  Sarajevo, Bosnia – June 28, 1914

21. Who’s To Blame?

22. COUNTRIES TAKE A SIDE Shocked Francis Joseph blames Serbia, feels Serb Gov’t knew of the plot Believed that Serbia wanted south Slav empire Wanted to deal harshly with the Serbs Needed German backing first Kaiser Wilhelm II told Austria that Germany would support any action they saw fit Essentially giving Austria a blank check to do anything.

23. AUSTRIA ANSWERS SERBIA Austria sends Serbia a severe ultimatum or final set of demands 7/23/14 Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish and Serbian official involved in the murder. Dismiss all officials hostile to Austria-Hungary Allow Austrian officials into Serbia to investigate the Archduke’s murder themselves Serbia agrees to all of the terms except the last, rejecting it as an infringement on Serbian sovereignty. 7/28/14 Austria balk at Serbia and declare war on the Serbs

24.  July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia  July 30, 1914 – Russia prepared to defend Serbia  August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on Russia

25.  August 3, 1914 – Germany declared war on France  August 3, 1914 – Germany invaded neutral Belgium  August 4, 1914 – British declared war on Germany

26.  Ready Since 1905  Response to possibility of a Two front war  France on the West  Russia on the East  Paris in Six Weeks  March Against Russia

32. FRENCH STRONGHOLD AT VERDUN. - IDEA WAS TO BLEED FRANCE TO DEATH AND BREAK THERE SPIRIT

33. German first assault, February 21, artillery bombardment, -five months of fighting causes -430,000 German dead -540,000 French dead -Germans bleed French white but, not to death and hurt there military in the end

34. THEY SHALL NOT PASS FRENCH HOLD THE LINE. -FORCE GERMAN STALEMATE -CREATE PROBLEMS FOR GERMAN HIGH COMMAND

36. Tennenberg German army quickly isolates and destroys the Russian forces, at the end of August. Galicia Austria, ends the war for Russia

39. OTTOMAN EMPIRE SIDES WITH GERMNY. CLOSE DARDANELLES TO ALLIED SHIPPING BRITAIN GOES TO OPEN AREA AND WINDS UP STAYING FOR A YEAR AND LOSING 65,000 MEN

49. American Neutrality Wilson—neither threatened vital American interest American against the war Pacifists, Isolationists, Socialist Edward M. House and Robert Lansing –Wilson’s pro-British advisors William Jennings Bryan –Against pro-British tilt Germany had no advocates in government British blockade of Germany –Violates American neutrality, Wilson protests (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

50. British navy blocks German coast and starves people Germany counters with U-boats British Big naval advantage countered by hidden boats

51. Submarine Warfare Unterseeboot (U-boat) Lusitania (May 1915) –1198 killed, 128 Americans –Germans had warned the passenger was a target Bryan resigns when Wilson refuses to criticize both British blockade and U-boats Sussex pledge (1916) 1916 preparedness measures (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

59. German Escalation Russia’s imminent collapse Germany concentrates on Britain and France –Renew U-boat war "Zimmerman telegram“ American declaration of war: “make the world safe for democracy” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

60. American Intervention Russian revolution (1917) –Vladimir Lenin and Bolshevik Party Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) –Publication of secret Allied treaties German 1918 offensive American Expeditionary Force (AEF) –John J. Pershing Allied 1918 offensive Armistice 11-11-1918 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

62.  32 STATES REPRESENTING 75% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION.  TALKS WERE DOMINATED BY THE 5 MAJOR POWERS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEFEATING THE CENTRAL POWERS UNITED STATES GREAT BRITAIN ITALYFRANCE JAPAN

63.  4 ALLIED LEADERS DOMINATED THE NEGOTIATIONS

64.  GOAL WAS TO PUNISH GERMANY AND MAKE SURE THAT IT WOULD NEVER BECOME A THREAT AGAIN!!! Germany

65. 1.THE SURRENDER OF ALL GERMAN COLONIES AS LEAGUE OF NATIONS MANDATES

66. 2. THE RETURN OF ALSACE AND LORAINE TO FRANCE WHAT ABOUT THE GERMAN’S LIVING THERE??

67. 3. DANZIG TO BECOME A FREE CITY/CREATION OF THE POLISH CORRIDOR Split Germany!! Access to East Prussia from Germany??

68. 4. DEMILITARIZATION AND A 15 YEAR OCCUPATION OF THE RHINELAND Who would defend and occupy it? What about the German’s living there? Who would pay for the occupation?

69. 5. GERMAN REPARATIONS OF 6,600 MILLION POUNDS

70. 6. A BAN ON THE UNION OF GERMANY AND AUSTRIA 7. AN ACCEPTANCE OF GERMANY’S GUILT IN CAUSING THE WAR

71. 8. PROVISION FOR THE TRIAL OF THE FORMER KAISER AND OTHER WAR LEADERS THE TRIALS NEVER OCCURED

72. 9. LIMITATION OF GERMANY’S ARMY TO 100,000 MEN WITH NO CONSCRIPTION, NO TANKS, NO HEAVY ARTILLERY, NO POISON-GAS SUPPLIES, NO AIRCRAFT AND NO AIRSHIPS =

73. 10. LIMITATION OF THE GERMAN NAVY TO VESSELS UNDER 100,000 TONS, AND NO SUBMARINES

74.  GERMANY: SIGNED UNDER PROTEST

75.  FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN: ANGRY THAT THERE WAS NO ACTUAL TRIAL OF THE KAISER OR OTHER WAR LEADERS. DIDN’T THINK THE TREATY WAS HARD ENOUGH ON GERMANY