1. 34 The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present
QUIT 34
CHAPTER
The Colonies Become
New Nations, 1945–Present
Chapter Overview
Time Line 1
The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
SECTION
MAP 2
Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
SECTION
SECTION 3
New Nations in Africa 4
Conflicts in the Middle East
GRAPH
SECTION
Visual Summary

2. 34 The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present
HOME 34
CHAPTER
The Colonies Become
New Nations, 1945–Present
Chapter Overview
After World War II, imperialist powers rethink the cost of colonies, which are demanding independence. The imperialists differ in the speed with which they relinquish control and in the amount of preparation for independence they provide.

3. 34 The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945–Present HOME Time Line 1945
CHAPTER
The Colonies Become
New Nations, 1945–Present
Time Line
1945 Sukarno proclaims Indonesian independence.
1954 Algerians begin to fight French rule.
1975 Angolan civil war begins after Portuguese withdrawal.
1997 Mobuto dictatorship in Zaire falls.
1945
2002
1947 India gains independence.
1963 Kenya wins independence.
1986 Popular vote ousts Marcos’s dictatorship in the Philippines.

4. The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
HOME 1
The Indian Subcontinent
Gains Independence
Key Idea
At the end of World War II, South Asians demand independence. Britain partitions the Indian subcontinent into two new nations, India and Pakistan; a part of Pakistan later becomes Bangladesh. Britain also frees Ceylon.
Overview
Assessment

5. The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
HOME 1
The Indian Subcontinent
Gains Independence
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Congress Party
• Muslim League
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Lord Mountbatten
• partition
• Jawaharlal Nehru
• Indira Gandhi
• Rajiv Gandhi
• Benazir Bhutto
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
New nations emerged from the British colony of India.
India today is the largest democracy in the world.
Assessment

6. The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
HOME 1
The Indian Subcontinent
Gains Independence
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Write about prominent Indian prime ministers from independence in 1947 through 1989.
1947
Nehru
1984
Rajiv Ghandi
1966
Indira Ghandi
continued . . .

7. The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
HOME 1
The Indian Subcontinent
Gains Independence
Section 1
Assessment
2. Do you think that India’s political and economic success is crucial to the future of democracy in Asia? Why? THINK ABOUT
• India’s influence in Asia
• religious and ethnic differences and conflicts
• social implications of economic failure
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Yes, because India is one of the most populous countries and the largest democracy in the world. If India can have a democracy with so many different ethnic and religious groups, other, smaller countries should be able to as well; other Asian countries look to India for guidance.
continued . . .

8. The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
HOME 1
The Indian Subcontinent
Gains Independence
Section 1
Assessment
3. What were some of the problems shared by leaders of India and Pakistan? THINK ABOUT
• the factions within these countries
• their thoughts about independence
• how their problems were resolved
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Both countries had large minorities that were in conflict with the majorities. Both struggled to establish democracy. Both faced problems of poverty and economic development.
End of Section 1

9. Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
HOME 2
Southeast Asian Nations
Gain Independence
MAP
Key Idea
Some of the Southeast Asian colonies that become independent after World War II prosper, while others suffer under authoritarian regimes.
Overview
Assessment

10. Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
HOME 2
Southeast Asian Nations
Gain Independence
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Ferdinand Marcos
• Corazón Aquino
• Aung San
• Aung San Suu Kyi
• Sukarno
• Suharto
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The European colonies in Southeast Asia became independent countries in the postwar period.
The power and influence of the Pacific Rim nations are likely to expand during the next century.
Assessment

11. Challenges Following Independence
HOME 2
Southeast Asian Nations
Gain Independence
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize the major challenges the countries below faced following independence.
Nation
Colonizer
Challenges Following Independence
The Philippines
Burma
Indonesia
Military bases
Bell Act
Difficulties with democracy
Assassinations
Marcos stealing money
United States
Unstable governments
Assassinations
Ethnic conflicts
Britain
Ethnic conflicts
Coup
Huge gap between rich and poor
Netherlands
continued . . .

12. Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
HOME 2
Southeast Asian Nations
Gain Independence
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
2. Why do you think that the United States demanded a 99-year lease on military and naval bases in the Philippines? THINK ABOUT
• U.S. economic interests in the Philippines
• geographical location
• reasons for military presence
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• To protect U.S. economic interests
• The location of the Philippines made it an important military outpost.
• Bases were a reminder to surrounding countries of U.S. military force.
End of Section 2

13. New Nations in Africa Key Idea 3
HOME 3
New Nations
in Africa
Key Idea
Colonizers differ in their willingness to grant independence to their African colonies and in the amount of help they give their colonies in preparing to become modern nations.
Overview
Assessment

14. New Nations in Africa Overview 3 • Negritude movement • Kwame Nkrumah
HOME 3
New Nations
in Africa
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Negritude movement
• Kwame Nkrumah
• Jomo Kenyatta
• Mau Mau
• Mobutu Sese Seko
• FLN
• Ahmed Ben Bella
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After World War II, African leaders threw off colonial rule and created independent countries.
Today, many of those independent countries are engaged in building political and economic stability.
Assessment

15. HOME 3
New Nations
in Africa
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each country shown below, list an idea, an event, or a leader important to that country’s history.
Ghana
Kenya
Zaire
Algeria
Angola
Took its name from African kingdom of the past
Nairobi became a major business center.
Renamed the Congo
Ben Bella was prime minister and president.
Fought Portuguese for independence
continued . . .

16. HOME 3
New Nations
in Africa
Section 3
Assessment
2. Why do you think that non-African nations supported certain factions that claimed power in the newly independent nations of Africa? THINK ABOUT
• economic interests of the non-African nations
• Lumumba’s request for Soviet aid in the Congo
• U.S. support of the FNLA
• the Cold War
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
The factions may have promised non-African nations economic opportunities, such as trading or business privileges, in return for support; the non-African nations may have wanted to preserve economic interests they already had in the region.
continued . . .

17. HOME 3
New Nations
in Africa
Section 3
Assessment
3. Why do you think revolution swept so many African nations following their independence from European rule after World War II? THINK ABOUT
• how World War II influenced Africans
• the conditions preceding independence
• economic interests of European powers and newly independent nations
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• There were many different religious and ethnic groups with competing interests.
• Europeans, Americans, and Soviets supported different groups.
• World War II had given Africans a new confidence.
End of Section 3

18. Conflicts in the Middle East Key Idea 4
HOME 4
Conflicts in
the Middle East
GRAPH
Key Idea
The division of Palestine and the creation of the new nation of Israel after World War II result in conflict between Israeli and Palestinian nationalist movements that continues today.
Overview
Assessment

19. Conflicts in the Middle East Overview 4 • Balfour Declaration
HOME 4
Conflicts in
the Middle East
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Balfour Declaration
• Suez Crisis
• Six-Day War
• Anwar Sadat
• Golda Meir
• Menachem Begin
• Camp David Accords
• Hosni Mubarak
• PLO
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Division of Palestine after World War II made the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements.
The conflict in the Middle East threatens the stability of the region today.
Assessment

20. Conflicts in the Middle East 4 4
HOME 4
Conflicts in
the Middle East
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List some important political and military events that occurred following the Suez Crisis.
Suez Crisis
Six-Day War
Yom Kippur War
Sadat peace offer
Camp David Accords
continued . . .

21. Conflicts in the Middle East 4 4
HOME 4
Conflicts in
the Middle East
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
2. Explain the conflict between Jews and Arabs over a Palestinian homeland. What does each side believe? What other factors influence this issue? THINK ABOUT
• the Balfour Declaration
• the ancient history of the Middle East
• the economics of oil
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Jews believe their right to a Palestinian homeland is a covenant from God.
• Palestinian Arabs believe the land has belonged to them since the Jews were driven out in A.D. 135.
• Other Arabs believe it has belonged to them since their 7th-century conquest of the region.
• Other influences: oil interests; global politics; persecution of Jews in Europe.
End of Section 4