1. Evasion & Recovery

2. References Joint Pub 3-50.2 Doctrine for Joint Combat
Search and Rescue
Joint Pub Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Combat Search and Rescue
Joint Pub Joint Doctrine for Evasion and Recovery

3. “Evasion is the highest form of resistance”
Unknown SERE instructor
Evasion- The act or means of evading (to escape or avoid by cunning)
Recovery- The act of getting back, or returning to ones originally intended location. (friendly lines)

4. Recovery Rates
WW %
Korea - 52%
Vietnam %
Gulf War - 98%

5. E&R Chain
JPRA
JSRC
RCC
Individual units
Individual soldier

6. JPRA Joint Personnel Recovery Agency
Responsible for developing joint E&R tactics,
techniques and procedures, E&R aids and
tools, and specialized equipment for E&R
Provides expertise on E&R and survival to all
services

7. JSRC Joint Search and Rescue Center
Comprised of 2 or more services/countries
For coordinating recovery efforts among joint
services
Develops and distributes the ATOSPINS
Maintains ISOPREP cards for missing
personnel

8. Rescue Coordination Center
RCC
Rescue Coordination Center
One at each service in theatre
Notifies the JSRC of isolated personnel
Develops Evasion Plans of Action with units
Maintains ISOPREP cards for all isolated
personnel
Coordinates recovery efforts for that service

9. Service Capabilities Army- No dedicated CSAR assets / aviation,
medical evacuation, and LRS units
have a secondary mission of CSAR
Navy- ASW crews and A/C (HH-60) capable of CSAR / SEALs may be used for recovery
Air Force- Para rescue are a dedicated CSAR
asset / all aircraft have a secondary
mission of CSAR

10. Service Capabilities(cont.)
Marines- No dedicated CSAR forces / TRAP teams
Coast Guard- No CSAR assets / set up for SAR
missions (boats/long range A/C)
Other- SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellite), UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)
CWI (Combat Warfare Intelligence)

11. Conventional Recovery
Types of Recovery
Conventional Recovery
Unassisted - Evasion to friendly lines
CSAR - Combat Search and Rescue assets
On Site - Aviation or ground forces

12. Types of Recovery Unconventional Recovery Planned assisted recovery
- Follow on SOF missions
- Dedicated recovery missions
- Clandestine assets
Unplanned assisted recovery
- Opportunists
- Acts of mercy
- Accidental

13. COMBAT RECOVERY OF ISOLATED PERSONNEL
TYPES OF RECOVERY
COMBAT RECOVERY OF ISOLATED PERSONNEL
CONVENTIONAL
UNCONVENTIONAL
CLANDESTINE AIRCRAFT
UNASSISTED
CSAR
ON-SCENE
EVADING TO
FRIENDLY
FORCES
USAF CAF
USN CVW
USA HELO
USMC TRAP
USCG
AIRCRAFT
NAVAL VESSELS
GROUND FORCES
USCG
HELICOPTER
STAR
ASSISTED EVASION
PLANNED
UNPLANNED
UARM
OPPORTUNISTS
ACCIDENTAL
FOLLOW-ON
SOF
MISSIONS
DEDICATED
EXTRACTION
TEAMS
ACTS OF
MERCY
MERCENARIES
DISSIDENTS
OUTLAWS

14. Reasons to Initiate E&R
On order by the commander
To avoid capture or escape from capture
Have met commander’s abort criteria (pending
communication)

15. Classifications of Evasion
Short range
- Within tactical battle area
- Near FLOT
- Short duration (hours/days)
- Adequate supplies
- Location of friendly/enemy known
- Familiar with terrain

16. Classifications of Evasion
Long range
- Greater distance from friendly forces - Longer duration of evasion Travel restrictions
- Use of survival skills

17. Common Considerations
Knowledge of the area of operations
- Pre-deployment studies
- Post-deployment studies
Survival skills and training
Supply economy
Endurance (physical and mental)
Patience and discipline

18. Common Considerations
Living in the open with limited supplies
Maintain the will to survive
- Family and home ties
- Material items
- Self preservation
- Religion
- Sense of responsibility
1) Team
2) Country
3) Family

19. Movement Considerations
Routes
Concealment
Energy conservation
Equipment cross load / discard
Night vs. Day movement
Camouflage
Rate of movement
Stealth
Progress
Method of movement (team SOPs)

20. Obstacles Natural - Mountains and hilltops - Streams and rivers
Man made
- Roads and trails
- Bridges
- Populated areas

21. Special Considerations
Attitude of the local population
Local customs / habits
Dogs / animals
Type of population involved

22. Evader vs. Escapee
Evader - Considered a lawful combatant and able to conduct military operations while in evasion
Escapee- A non-combatant unable to conduct any type of military operations while in evasion

23. Considerations of an Evader
While evading, evaders still fall under the
Geneva Convention, Law of Land Warfare,
and UCMJ
An evader is still considered a lawful combatant
Protected emblems (Red Cross / Crescent)
Uniforms / civilian clothing
Identification
Neutral countries

24. Evasion Aids

25. Isolated Personnel Report
ISOLATED PERSONNEL REPORT (ISOPREP)
(See Privacy Act Statement on reverse before completing this form)
1. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)
2. SSN
CLASSIFIED BY: AFR 64-3 AR
NWP 19-2
DECLASSIFY ON: OADR
INSTRUCTIONS
Items 1 through 15 and 20 through 23 are to be completed by Applicant. Items 16 through 19 and Item 24 are to be com-pleted by RCC personnel. All items must be filled in INK; however use PENCIL for items 3,13,14 and 20 through 24
3. RANK/GRADE
4. BRANCH OF SERVICE
5. NATIONALITY
6. DATE OF BIRTH (YYMMDD)
7. OBVIOUS MARKS (Scar, Birthmark, Mole)
8. BLOOD GROUP
9. HEIGHT
10. COLOR OF EYES
11. COLOR OF HAIR
12. DATE PREPARED (YYMMDD)
13. DATE REVIEWED (YYMMDD) AND CURRENT ASSIGNMENT
14. AUTHENTICATOR NO.
15. SIGNATURE
16. DATE MISSING (YYMMDD)
17. LOSS POSITION
18. PRIORITY (Holds vital information requiring priority rescue)
YES NO
19. SPARE
Isolated Personnel Report (DD Form 1833)
2 must be maintained by the unit
Reviewed every 6 months or before deployment
Lines must have 4 complete statements in each
Authentication number has no zeros, repeating, consecutive, patterns, or numbers from personnel file
Copy will be forwarded to the RCC for personnel to be recovered

26. Isolated Personnel Report
PERSONAL AUTHENTICATION STATEMENTS
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. ADDITIONAL DATA
DD FORM 1833 PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE CONFIDENTIAL (WHEN FILLED IN)
84 FEB

27. Isolated Personnel Report
AUTHORITY: 10 U.S.C. Sections 133, 3012, 3051 and 8012; EO 9397.
PRINICPAL PURPOSE(S): It is essential to the combat search and rescue effort for the protection of search and rescue forces from enemy entrapment. The social security number is used to ensure positive identification.
ROUTINE USE(S): It will be completed by each aircrew member who may be subject to action in or over hostile territory. It contains personal information that may be used to ensure positive identification. After the aircrew member has completed the form it will be classified “CONFIDENTIAL.”
DISCLOSURE IS VOLUNTARY: The information is necessary since it affects the entire search and rescue and effect on individual of not providing information could be loss of crew status.
LEFT HAND
CODE
PRINT CODE
RIGHT HAND
1. LITTLE FINGER
Arch KK
Tented Arch LL
Finger Loop MM
Thumb Loop NN
Whorl OO
Finger Missing PP
Finger Mutilated QQ
Question/Uncertain YY
10. LITTLE FINGER
2. RING
9. RING

28. Isolated Personnel Report
3. MIDDLE
PHOTOGRAPH (Front View)
8. MIDDLE
4. INDEX
7. INDEX
PHOTOGRAPH (Profile View)
5. THUMB
6. THUMB

29. Blood Chits Developed by the Flying Tigers in 1940/
reprinted for Vietnam/Desert Storm/etc
Made of Tyvec
Four serialized numbers (one in each corner)
Phrases in all major languages of the theatre
Never surrender the blood chit itself
Program administered by JPRA
Distributed by blood chit managers in theatre
Controlled item

30. Type 1 Chit issued to the American Volunteer Group AVG (Flying Tigers) for use in China. The flag is that of the Chinese nationalist flag.  The serial number is proceeded by a W which designates that this chit was issued in Washington DC.  The scrip translates to:
This foreign person has come to China to help in the war effort. Soldiers and civilians, one and all, should rescue, protect, and provide him with medical care. 
The W preceeding the issue number indicates the chit was issued from Washington DC.

31. The blood chit shown here, is made from wool felt
The blood chit shown here, is made from wool felt. The text (in Korean and English) is machine embroidered, and the US and United Nations flags are appliquéd. It was not a government-issue item and so had no official value. It was one of many types made by townsfolk for sale to military personnel. These "theater made" items found their way into many aviators' jackets and escape kits. Today they are prized for their craftsmanship.

32. WWII US blood chit printed in 7 languages: French, Annamese, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Thai and Lao.
Serial numbers for type 4 chits are printed in red. The Chinese flag was replaced by the American flag so that it could be used in several operational theatres.

33. Our U.S. Enduring Freedom Blood Chit is an exact replica of the Blood Chit used by American pilots flying over Afghanistan during the Enduring Freedom Campaign. The languages include Pashto, Formal Dari, Spoken Dari, Arabic, Uzbek, Persian Farsi, Urdu, and English.

34. British (Desert Storm)
Canadian (Desert Storm)

35. Used during the Gulf War
conflict 2003/2004 by
RAF flight personnel.

36. Pointee Talkee For all major languages in the theatre
Also includes a phonetic translation
May or may not use pictures
Distributed by JPRA

37. Some American troops in Haiti were issued a small pointee-talkie booklet. The cover shows an American soldier in front of the flags of Haiti and the United States and the text "MWEN SE OU SOLDA AMERIKAN" ("I AM AN AMERICAN SOLDIER"). The 46-page booklet introduces the troops to Haiti's history, culture and religion, has a pronunciation guide, and ends with a number of Creole phrases and expressions. Some of the more interesting ones for soldiers in peril are:

39. The Americans also produced a "pointee-talkie" card for use by servicemen who might fall into the hands of the Somalis. The card is printed in black and white and laminated. The front depicts the flags of Somalia and the United States. Some of the 13 phrases in English and Somali are, "My friend, I am hungry. Please provide me with food," and "My friend, if enemy troops come, please conceal me."

41. The holder of this note is entitled to a bag of wheat, to be issued at the stadium complex. This Somali citizen has made a contribution to the Coalition forces by providing useful information. The information assisted Task Force Mogadishu with locating criminal elements, weapons cache sites, the surrendering of a personal weapon or crew served weapons. Treat this Somali citizen with respect and dignity. Thank you for helping us make your city more peaceful. Please take this note to the Marines at the gate of Mogadishu stadium. You will receive wheat as a token of our gratitude. Consider us your friends. Together, with your assistance, we can make Mogadishu a peaceful city for the future of your children."
The Gift Card

42. Selected Area for Evasion Intelligence Description
Distributed by the Defense Intelligence Agency
Some made for training (Benning, JRTC)
Contains a description of the SAFE
- Food / water / animals / terrain
- Approaches to the SAFE
- Size of SAFE (MGRS or Lat / Long)
- Details and pictures of contact points

43. Area Briefings Received from G2 or unit intel personnel Maps
1:25,000/1:50:000
1:250,000 (JOG)
1:500,000
Strip maps

44. EVC Evasion Charts Distributed by the Defense Mapping Agency
Made of Tyvec
Has (8) 1:250,000/1:500,000 maps overprinted
Contains survival data, navigation, food, water
Can be used for shelter, blanket, carrying water

45. Air Tasking Order Special Instructions
Developed by the JSRC
Information that allows recovery to be done with
the least amount of problems possible
Contains
- Point of contact for CSAR incident reporting
- Communications instructions
- Color, number, codeword, and letter of the
day
- SARDOT
- Additional Recovery Information

46. Communication Voice is the optimum method for recovery
Use secure if possible
Survival Radio
- Cone of silence
- Use with survival blanket
- Touching the antenna

47. Evasion Plan of Action Developed by individual units with the help of
the RCC
Quick recovery dependent upon how closely the
EPA is followed
Developed at unit level and not at team

48. Evasion Planning
All individuals operating in or over hostile territory should develop an Evasion Plan of Action (EPA) or review an existing EPA, each time a designated target or operating area changes (Joint Pub )

49. Evasion Planning “Ultimate responsibility for proper evasion
preparation and planning rests with the
potential evader(s)”
Headquarters element provides planning
support
Potential evader(s) develop the actual plan
Joint theater assets support recover effort

50. Evasion Planning Successful evasion depends on detailed prior planning
Possess contingency plans and
predetermined initiation mechanisms
Incorporate information from available
reference sources

51. The Evasion Plan of Action
Provides critical information to the
recovery force
- Scheme of maneuver
- Contact procedures
EPA format
- Six mandatory components
- Five optional components

52. The Evasion Plan of Action
Scheme of maneuver
Evasion with wounded or injured personnel
- Assisted versus non-assisted evasion
- Extended versus short range evasion
Contact procedures
- Contact with U.S. forces
- Contact with allied or coalition forces
- Contact with local populace

53. Mandatory Components Identification
Planned route of travel / movement (primary
and alternate)
Immediate evasion actions and / or
intentions for the first 48 hours; uninjured /
injured
Extended evasion actions and / or intentions
after 48 hours
Communications and authentications

54. Identification Name and rank (for each team member) Mission number
Team call sign or identifier
Team position
Call sign suffix
Other

55. Planned Flight Travel Route
If not on file, the route points must be
described in the EPA
Describe in-flight emergency plans for each
leg of the mission

56. Evasion Actions and/or Intentions First 48 Hours (Uninjured)
Consideration give to evasion versus resupply
and continue mission
Evade alone, small groups or linkup with team
Travel plans (e.g., distance, duration, speed,
other details
Intended actions and/or length of stay at initial
hole-up location(s)

57. Evasion Actions and/or Intentions First 48 Hours (Injured)
Immediate and sustained treatment of life
threatening wounds or injuries
Special movement techniques
Litter(s)
Artificial support (e.g., cane, crutches, etc.)

58. Evasion Actions and/or Intentions After 48 Hours
Destination
Travel routes, plans, and / or techniques
- Written
Overlay
Actions and/or intentions at potential
contact or recovery locations
Recovery / contact point signals, signs,
and/or procedures
Back-up plans

59. Communications and Authentication
Mission folder / ATOSPINS will provide:
Code word, bona fides, color, letter, and
number of the day / month / quarter
Challenge / password, number
combinations, etc.

60. Communications and Authentication
Available communications & signaling
devices (far / near, day / night)
Primary communication schedule,
procedures, frequencies
Backup communication schedule,

61. Optional EPA Information
Weapons and ammunition carried
Personal evasion kit items
Listing of issued survival / evasion kit
items
Mission evasion preparation checklist
Signature of reviewing official

62. Recovery Activation Signal
Identified in the ATOSPINS
Put out when in evasion, mandatory when in
SAFE
Can be letter of the day, number of the day, etc.

63. Recovery Activation Signal
RAS can be made of natural materials,
VS-17 panels, stepped down vegetation.
RAS should be 1m high/legs 1m wide/4m
width of whole letter/6m long of whole
letter.
Orient RAS North-South (for shadow)
Radios can be used to transmit a RAS

64. Default RAS Measurement
14ft
14ft
1 m

65. Selected Area For Evasion
An area selected based on numerous factors
such as population, terrain, and survival to best
facilitate recovery efforts
Size- no set size/ large enough to facilitate
needs
Identification- gained from S.A.I.D.
Contains numerous contact points

66. SAFE Area 468-1
SAFE AREA
468-1

67. Contact Points Within the SAFE No set order
May be at a contact point for a long period
Set periods for contact and setting out of LOAD
signal
May not get recovered always at contact point
Must conduct a recon of the site
Contingencies: no recovery, contact, high
enemy activity, or no commo with recovery
asset

68. SAFE L SAFE Load Signal RAS Contact Point Charlie Contact Point Delta
Bravo
Contact
Point
Alpha
Approach
Area
SAFE
Potential
Hole - Up
Sites
Load Signal
Hole - Up
Site
RAS L
Contact
Point
Echo
Contact
Point
Foxtrot

69. LOAD Signal Put out by evader at briefed contact point
Detectable by the recovery force
Visual signal displayed in a covert manner
Constructed of natural materials/simple to make
Easy to remember under stress
Displayed only at briefed time windows to
maintain security

70. LOAD Signal Example: 4 golf ball size rocks piled in a
pyramid behind a specific telephone pole
Monitored at briefed contact times
After contact time move back to hole up site
Recovery element normally initiates final
contact
Be prepared to authenticate identity from iso-
prep cards-may be at contact point or other
location

71. Hole Up Sites Same criteria as a hide site, must facilitate
camouflage, egress, water, communications
Use when enroute to the SAFE or when not at a
contact point
Should facilitate air extraction (LZ) in close
vicinity

72. Designated Areas for Recovery
Issued when no SAFE is available in the area
of operation
Can possibly supplement a SAFE
Will be issued with the appropriate area study (Similar to SAID)
Contact points referred to as recovery points

73. DARS DAR Mars SS HS DAR Venus Recovery Points Hole - Up Site
Display RAS SS HS

74. Questions