1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Chapter 24

2. The Movement Begins

3. Section 1
Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling that established “Separate but Equal” - which meant segregation was legal as long as facilities were equal
“Jim Crow Laws” - set of unwritten rules that kept blacks and whites separate
De Facto segregation - segregation by custom and tradition
NAACP (1909) - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4. Court Cases
Norris v. Alabama (1935) - not allowing blacks on a jury was unconstitutional
Morgan v. Virginia (1946) - segregation on buses was illegal
Sweat v. Painter (1950) - schools had to admit blacks if there wasn’t a black school

5. Sect. 1 cont.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) - began using sit-ins as a form of protest (1943)
Thurgood Marshall - African American lawyer and director of legal defense for the NAACP
--eventual Supreme Court Justice
Opposition in Congress -
Southern manifesto (101 members) -denounced segregation
Southern Christian Leadership Conference - ministers to help desegregate and get blacks to vote

6. Sect.1
Rosa Parks - mother of the civil rights movement refused to give up her seat
Montgomery, Alabama
Sparked the bus boycott that lasted a year
Martin Luther King, JR year old Baptist Minister
Preached non-violent, passive resistance

7. End of Sect. 1
SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference - ministers to help desegregate and get blacks to vote
Little Rock 9
President - Eisenhower
Gov. of Arkansas - Orval Faubas
Central High School had to allow 9 blacks into their school
Faubus refuses, calls out the national guard to stop them
Eisenhower orders Federal troops to protect students
Civil Rights Act of protect rights of blacks to vote

8. Section 2
Sit - ins - college students involved in non-violent protest (cafes)
Jesse Jackson - student leader at N.C.
Ella Baker - Ex. Dir. Of the SCLC (for students)
Student non-violent coordinating Commission (SNCC) - organized blacks and some white college students
Marion Barry - 1st chairperson, served later as Mayor of Washington D.C.

9. Sect. 2 cont. Fannie Lou Hammer - arrested for helping blacks vote
Freedom riders - CORE members rode segregated buses in the deep south
JFK - appointed 40 African Americans to high level positions
Committee on Equal Opportunity Employment - stop Fed. Gov. from discriminating while hiring

10. Sect. 2 continued
James Meredith - Air Force Vet. That applied to the U. of Mississippi
Gov. Ross Barnett blocked his entrance, JFK had to send troops to make sure he got in
MLK started to protest in Alabama , he was arrested and wrote a letter while in jail to explain why people had the right to protest
Civil Rights Act of rights for African Americans, Gov. had the power to prevent discrimination

11. Sect. 2 cont.
Filibuster - refusal to stop debate so the representatives can vote
Cloture - motion to cut off debate
March on Washington - 200,000 people listened to speeches in front of Lincoln Memorial
MLK - “I Have a Dream”

12. Last of Sect. 2
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - Fed. Agency to monitor discrimination
Voting Rights - some places would charge a poll tax - fees to vote
March on Selma, Alabama - marched to vote and they were met at the bridge and beaten
Successful after protection from the Gov.
Voting Rights Act of passed by LBJ
Allowed Fed. Examiners to help people to vote

13. Section 3
% of blacks lived in cities, 1/2 lived in poverty, income was 1/2 that of whites
Watts Riots - In a black neighborhood in L.A., alleged police brutality led to a riot
-$30 million in damage, 34 people killed
riot in Detroit , 43 dead

14. Sect. 3 cont.
Kerner Commission advisory board on civil disorder, blamed white racism, needed to create jobs in inner cities
Chicago movement - Dr. King and wife moved into slum area
Richard Daley - mayor of Chicago, protected King and others marching in all white neighborhoods

15. Sect. 3 cont. Black Power - more radical civil rights , often violence
Stokeley Carmichael - leader of the SNCC in 1966, blacks can control their own destiny
Cultural assimilation - adapting to majorities culture
Malcolm X - part of the black power movement, member of Nation of Islam - Elijah Muhummad leader, preached separation
Malcolm broke away from the NOI and was killed by 3 members, Feb. 1965

16. Last of Sect. 3
Black Panthers - wanted a revolution of blacks vs. whites (separation by force if needed)
Eldridge Cleaver - wrote “Souls on Ice”
MLK Jr. killed in 1968 by James Earl Ray
James Abernathy took over the fight
Civil Rights Act of added a part for equal housing

17. Review for Ch. 24 MLK - passive non-violence EVER Things to study:
Court cases - Norris v. Alabama - couldn’t exclude blacks on juries
Sweatt v. Painter - had to admit black applicants to law school
Brown v. Board of Ed. - couldn’t segregate schools, basically overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
Morgan v. Virginia- segregation on buses was unconstitutional
N. Carolina - sit-in (Woolworths), Tennessee (assassination of MLK), Arkansas (state v. fed gov in Little Rock 9), Alabama (bus boycott)
Black power - self defense, violence if necessary, control the social and economic direction of blacks, pride and race distinctiveness
MLK - passive non-violence EVER