1. Societies
&
Empires of
Africa
Chapter 15
Pgs

2. Pre-Historic Africa In early Africa: Hunter-Gather societies
Small groups: ppl
Earliest Africans:
“Efe”– Forest Dwellers
Social Structure:
Elder male in charge,
Women = gatherers,
No formal written laws!
…they were Stateless Societies
run by “Lineages”

3. “Lineages” (NC) Who: Early-Africans
What: descendants of a common ancestor- family line.
Where: Africa
When:
Why: in African societies, families are organized in these family groups

4. How do you trace ‘Lineage’?
Patrilineal (NC)
Matrilineal (NC)
Family line traced through FATHER
Inheritance passes from father to son
When a boy marries, his wife & kids live with HIS parents
Family line traced through MOTHER
Inheritance passes from mother to SON
MEN still hold the power & authority 

5. “Stateless Societies” (NC)
Who: Africans What: African groups that developed systems of governing based on lineages, not rulers; NO central power!! Where: CENTRAL Africa When: Why: instead of having one political ruler, authority was balanced among powerful lineages/families = different from the rest of the world

6. North
African
Kingdoms
Section 1

8. Muslim States
Muslims from Middle East travel into Northern Africa & bring ISLAM, so…
North Africa = Muslim!
Rulers = Muslim!
Islamic Law!
Many are still Muslim today!!

9. 2 groups of Islamic North Africans:
Almoravids (1000s)
Almohads (1100s)

10. “Almoravids” (NC) Who: Nomadic “Berbers” that became Islamic Africans
What: group of Berber Islamic Africans, a strict religious brotherhood that lived in a monastery; “people of the ribat/(monastery)”
Where: NORTH Africa
When: 1000s-1100s
Why: they took over North Africa, Ghana, and Spain (where they were called the Moors) and made them Muslim

11. “Almohads” (NC) Who: Nomadic “Berbers” who became Islamic Africans
What: group of Berber Islamic Africans that took over the Almoravids
Where: North Africa
When: 1100s
Why: they took over the Almoravids, conquered Spain– those areas have a lot of Muslims today..

12. Islamic
Invasions

13. 3 West African
Empires &
Civilizations
Section 2

14. 1. Empire of Ghana
Berbers found out that camels could cover larger distances than other pack animals (oxen, donkeys, horses), so….
 They travel on new routes across the desert & trade INCREASED!! (worksheet)
 The trade routes go through Ghana (wksht)
…what did they trade??....

15. Gold-Salt Trade
Berbers
SALT
GOLD

16. Gold Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast
At least 2/3 of world’s Gold supply came from here til 1350!!

17. Salt

18. Ghana rulers controlled trade = becomes super rich
Trade = Ghana  Islam
In Almoravids conquer Ghana
= Gold & Salt trade is disrupted….
= Ghana never regains power!! (wksheet)

19. “Ghana” (NC) Who: Soninke farmers
What: powerful empire founded by the Soninke farmers named after their war chief: Ghana; controlled Gold & Salt trade
Where: West Africa
When:
Why: Ghana rulers controlled trade in W. Africa & commanded a large army= powerful, rich empire; when trade fell apart so did their power

20. 2. Mali Empire [13c-15c]
SALT
GOLD

21. 2. Mali Empire So, Ghana declines in power… (wksht)
= people in Ghana act on their own, control themselves…(wksht)
= miners find Gold! to the east of Ghana (near the ocean) (wksht)
= trade routes to the East (wksht)
= new group- Mali- become rich & seize power!! (already written in the effect box)

22. There are 3 Important guys in Mali…

23. #1. Sundiata [ ]
“Lion Prince”

24. “Sundiata” (NC) Who: Mali’s first great leader
What: became Mali’s “Mansa” (Emperor), took over Ghana, & ruled successfully
Where: Mali, West Africa
When: 1210?-1255
Why: put able administrators in charge of Mali’s $$, defense, & foreign affairs; promoted agriculture; re-est. Gold-Salt trade = important center of trade

25. #2. Mansa Musa [r ]

26. “Mansa Musa” (NC) Who: important Islamic ruler of Mali after Sundiata
What: effectively ruled & expanded Mali
Where: Mali, West Africa
When:
Why: he expanded Mali to 2x the size of Ghana; divided large empire into provinces w/ governors; built mosques; Timbuktu became one of the most imp. Cities under him

27. Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

28. Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque

29. Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali

30. #3. Ibn Battuta (NC) Who: an Islamic traveler & historian
What: traveled to all Islamic countries & told people in Mali about it
Where: from North Africa, traveled to Mali
When: 1352
Why: he traveled to Islamic countries & learned about them – he then informed those in Mali about it

31. Last part on Mali… After Mansa Musa: (wksht)
his successors lacked his ability to govern well… (wksht)
 goldfields developed somewhere else
= Gold trade shifted and went away… (wksht)
= The empire of Mali weakened!! (already written on the wksht as the effect)

32. “Mali” (NC)
Who:
What:
Where:
When:
Why:

33. 3. Songhai Empire [15c-16c]
SALT
GOLD

34. Sunni Ali [r.1464-1492] Aggressive Muslim ruler of Songhai
Built a vast empire through Military conquest
Captured Timbuktu from Mali
Created centralized gov’t

35. Askia Mohammed [r ]
Muslim rebel that took over Sunni Ali’s son
Excellent administrator:
Set up tax system
Put officials in charge of treasury, military, agriculture

36. Askia Mohammed’s Tomb [1443-1538]
Gao, Mali

37. The end of the Songhai…
Songhai didn’t have modern weapons!! (only swords & spears)  (wksht)
= Morrocans invaded w. gunpowder & cannons!! AHH! (wksht)
= Morrocan troops quickly defeat Songhai… (already written on wksht)
= ENDS 1000yrs. of powerful kingdoms in West Africa!!!

38. “Songhai” (NC)
Who:
What:
Where:
When:
Why:

39. Benin Empire [15c-19c]

40. Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)

41. Benin Bronze Leopard

42. You still need to do NC: Hausa (pg. 417) Yoruba (pg. 418)
Benin (pg. 419)

43. Eastern
City-States
Section 3

45. African Trade Routes

46. “Swahili” (NC) Who: Bantu-speaking people
What: Arabic blended with Bantu Language = Swahili
Where: East Africa
When:
Why: this was created because of increasing trade between Bantus in East Africa & Persia, India, and Arabia.

47. Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa
SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic

48. 2 Southern
African
Kingdoms

49. “Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”
Great Zimbabwe [ ]
“Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”

50. “Great Zimbabwe” (NC) Who: Shona people
What: a city which grew into an empire built on gold trade
Where: South-Eastern Africa
When:
Why: controlled trade routes = became rich & powerful = leaders taxed the traders who travelled through = became economic, political, religious center of it’s empire; eventually was abandoned

51. Manamotopa Empire [ ]
Who: Founded by Mutota from Great Zimbabwe
What: new empire that replaced Great Zim.
in power; military dominated
Why: conquered all of Zimbabwe; control of
Eastern Africa; forced conquered areas
to mine gold for them; Portuguese
took over = European POWER!!

52. Africa
during the
Age of European
Exploration

53. Overland & Sea Trade Routes by 16c

54. African Trade [15c-17c]