1. Massive Retaliation On January 12, 1955 U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles first announces the doctrine of Massive Retaliation. It threatens full-scale nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to communist aggression anywhere in the world. Prevent the spread of Soviet influence, balance the budget. Shifted to US nuclear arsenal and covert intelligence. John Foster Dulles and MacArthur in Korea, 1950

2. Peaceful Coexistence? –1956: Khrushchev calls for “peaceful co- existence.” –1957: Sputnik. USSR successfully tests an ICBM. –1959: Cuba becomes Communist. –1960: US embargo on exports to Cuba. John F. Kennedy becomes U.S. President.

3. –Khrushchev announced “peaceful coexistence.” –Warsaw Pact created. –US-USSR relations improved. –Mao opposed ‘peaceful co-existence.’

4. 1959 - Castro takes power January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro overthrow Fulgencio Batista Castro nationalizes some US businesses  US trade embargo  Castro nationalizes sugar industry and signs trade agreements with USSR, nationalizes all US business, farms, banks, industries Castro addressed UN and stayed in Harlem hotel

5. Bay of Pigs invasion Cuba vulnerable

6. 1960 - The U-2 Affair On May 1, an American high-altitude U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union. Soviets announce capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers, US admits plane not on weather research mission

7. The U-2 Affair Eisenhower forced to admit truth behind the mission and U-2 program, refused to publicly apologize to Khrushchev. Caused Paris Summit to collapse

8. 1961 - Berlin Wall On August 15, communist authorities begin construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

9. The Berlin Wall –Russians claimed Amers used West Berlin for spying. –Stop flow of East German citizens. –Tension grew as both sides started nuclear testing. –The West became more anti-communist.

10. 1961 - Bay of Pigs Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster.

11. Soviet response. Don’t worry comrade Castro. We got your back!

12. 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis After Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba. After U-2 flights Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba on October 22 until the Soviet Union removed its missiles. On October 28, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles, defusing one of the most dangerous confrontations of the Cold War. Hotline established

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14. End to a crisis! Soviets removed missiles In exchange, USA pledged to not invade Cuba again and remove missiles from Turkey

15. Vietnam War 1960s-1973 Through Kennedy years, US troops trained S. Vietnamese troops After Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, under LBJ, US troops started to fight more

16. Seeing this on TV led to a loss of support at home

17. Not just MLK, Jr. SNCC Greensboro lunch counter 1960 CORE Freedom Riders 1961 Forced national realization of discrimination and violence, now “It is time for the decent people... To muzzle the jackals” (Atlanta Journal), forced Presidents to react

18. James Meredith integrated U of Miss (500 marshals protect, 160 seriously wounded when mob of 1000s attack) University of Alabama integrated “Now the time has come for this nation to fulfill its promise”

19. Radical Movements SDS to Weathermen Martin Luther King to Black Power: why radicalization? Give up hope for liberal reform –race riots –Black Muslims and Malcolm X, urged seize freedom “by any means necessary.” –“If someone pouts a hand on you, send him to the cemetery”|

20. Kerner Commission – “separate and unequal”, “white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto.”

21. –SNCC and Stokely Carmichael, “Black Power” –Black Panthers and Huey Newton fight police power (and kill police) but also self-govern communities and provide social services –Chicago police murder Fred Hampton (BP leader)

22. Youth movement to change world 41% Ameri pop <20 yrs old by mid1960s Almost half went to college Took democracy seriously Young Americans for Freedom, William Buckley – anti New Deal, anticommunist  see 1964 election

23. The “New Left” Port Huron Statement, “participatory democracy” – anti corporations, antiwar, antipoverty in the midst of plenty Free Speech Movement Student activism on campuses – anti-rules (indicated lack of democracy and respect), “teach-ins” about war Students for a Democratic Society

24. Bypass notions of class Intellectuals are the new revolutionaries Anti-”Establishment”

25. Brief background on Lyndon Johnson Dean Acheson – “Mr. President, you don’t pay these men enough to talk to them that way.” Painfully poor growing up in rural Texas Attention to detail; couldn’t delegate

26. “I realized that if only I could take the new step and become dictator of the whole world, then I could really make things happen. Every hungry person would be fed, every ignorant child educated, every jobless man employed. And then I knew I could accomplish my greatest wish, the wish for eternal peace.”

27. Election of 1964 Conservative reaction to Johnson’s exertion of federal power  Barry Goldwater as Republican nominee Goldwater against Soc Sec, suggested use of tactical nuclear weapons “Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice.... moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue!”

28. 1964 Johnson wins 1964, but

29. 1964 After signing Civil rights Act of 1964, “I think we just delivered the south to the Republican Party for my lifetime and yours.” Gulf of Tonkin Resolution  escalation  destruction of Johnson and Great Society

30. Vietnam War observations “credibility” fear – US prestige, Democratic Party prestige, LBJ personal prestige Failure of war by calculation

31. 1968 Election: Dems Fragment Eugene McCarthy challenges LBJ LBJ: “I will not seek another term” Herbert Humphrey: LBJ’s VP, too close –To LBJ, war protesters follow him Robert Kennedy runs: starts to win –Wins California primary: shot George Wallace: lower class whites Riots at Dem convention in Chicago

32. Nixon’s Comeback Nixon Wins 1968: Silent majority, Law –and order, middle ground, new Nixon Conservative Resurgence: people want –Normal life, conservative populism Personality: a loner, paranoid Détente: arms control w/ Soviets China: opens up China, Kissinger  balance Soviet Power Ends Vietnam: 4 part plan

33. “Tricky Dick” Appear to support in order to undermine (like more money for The Arts... But which art?) Block grants to show federal concern but leave up to states how to spend money “southern strategy” appeal to states’ rights, segregation, nominate justices that won’t be confirmed but show “I understand the bitter feelings of millions of Americans who live in the South”

34. Nixon’s Fall Moderate Domestic Policy: price fixing 1972 Reelection: Foreign policy success –“bring the country together” Dems: George McGovern “I am not a centrist candidate” Nixon lost Massachusetts and D.C. Watergate: break-in, cover up, enemies