1. Practicing 1a  The solution lies in enlarging the agricultural units... and in changing the agricultural base of our national economy....the Socialist way, which is to set up collective farms and state farms which leads to the joining together of the small peasant farms into large collective farms, technically and scientifically equipped, and to the squeezing out of the capitalist elements from agriculture.... Now we are able to carry on a determined offensive against the kulaks, to break their resistance, to eliminate them as a class and substitute for their output the output of the collective farms and state farms.  - Stalin, 1929  What are some messages of this source?

2. Practicing 1B  What are some messages of this cartoon?

5. Background  Deep political and cultural history  Often dealing with divisions, manifested in the Civil War  Reasons why influence of Europeans was easily felt  Political chaos for the first half of the 20 th century

6. Long-Term Causes

7. Socio-economic Factors  1900, China ruled by the imperial Manchu dynasty  Population was mostly peasant  Hard life, most extremely poor, subsistence farmers  Paid the taxes for imperial court  Faced starvation through floods  Population grew by 8 percent in second half of 1800s, land cultivated only by 1 percent  Famines more frequent  Land reduced, rents increased  Some driven to the cities where there was already high unemployment  Improved technology and western imports

8. Political Weakness and Influence of Foreign Powers  Century before the Civil War  Europeans had humiliated and exploited China  Totally destabilized the rile Manchu regime  Britain had defeated China in the mid 19 th century Opium Wars  China had been carved up into spheres of influence  America and Japan joined in  China forced to sign unequal treaties over trade, territory, sovereignty  Foreigners established their own courts after not abiding Chinese laws  Missionaries attempted to spread Christianity  Inflation and corruption amongst local officials

9. Political Weakness and Influence of Foreign Powers  1850 Taiping Rebellion throughout southern China  Lasted until 1864, was both religious and political  Put down by regional armies  A sign of loss of central control  Moving towards an era of warlords  Attempts to resist Western control by sections of educated elite in China  Self-strengthening movement divided  Manchus did not support reform  Defeated by Japan in 1895  Lost more territory after Russo-Japanese War in 1905  Boxer Rebellion in 1899  Doomed to fail without modern weapons

10. Overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty  China in such a desperate condition that there had been talk of overthrowing the Manchus as early as 1900s  China could be Westernized  Political weakness was intensified with the death of the Emperor  Pu-Yi was the successor, two years old  Prince Chun ruled as regent, his Uncle, incapable of reform  Dismissed all opposition, increased taxation and frustrated the business classes

11. Overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty  October 1911, Double Tenth Revolution, republic created  Government lost control of the military, soldiers revolted and rebellion spread  Most provinces declared themselves independent of Beijing  Impact of imperialism, anti-foreignism and political weakness, cause of the rebellion, will be cause of the Civil War  November 1911, delegates from independent provinces gathered in Nanjing to declare the creation of a Chinese Republic, Dr Sun Yixian asked to lead, had been in exile in US

12. Overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty  Imperial government attempted to use a leading general, Yuan Shikai to suppress the rebellion  Double-crossed them, arranging a deal with Sun Yixian  Sun agreed to allow Yuan to be President of the new republic in exchange for end of the Manchu rule  February 12, 1912 Pu Yi abdicated  Revolution was incomplete  No real introduction of democracy  Officials kept their positions  Had not been led by the middle classes  Military first, then radicals  Revolt of the provinces towards the center  Central autocracy vs. local autonomy

13. Rule of Yuan Shikai  Ruled China as a military dictator from 1912 until 1915  Regionalism continued  Sun’s party reformed as the Guomindang in 1912 and declared itself a parliamentary party  Three guiding principles  Nationalism  Democracy  People’s Livelihood, land reform and economic development

14. Rule of Yuan Shikai  Sun agreed to Yuan’s rule in order to avert the possibility of Chinese Civil War  Republicans not powerful enough at this stage to take on the military  Lesson that both the GMD and Chinese communists would learn – needed military power  Sun attempted to undermine Yuan’s power by moving him from Beijing to Nanjing to set up a new government  At this point, the GMD only a regional power in the southern provinces, republicans were not organized enough to resist Yuan  Second revolution failed and Sun fled to Japan in 1913  Yuan took himself down  Abolished regional assemblies, tax revenues were strictly controlled, proclaimed himself Emperor in 1916 and lost the support of the military, stood down, died three months later

15. Short-term Causes

16. Political Weakness: The Warlords 1916 - 28  Lack of unity in the country by the second decade of the 20 th century, regionalism a major factor  Death of Yuan meant China lost the only figure of unity  Broke up into small states and provinces, each controlled by a warlord and private army  Ran territories independently, organizing and taxing, own laws and currencies  Sought to expand power, peasants who suffered in continuous wars  None of the warlords was willing to relinquish his armies or power to central government  This period increased Chinese humiliation, coupled with desire to get rid of foreign influence, led to increased nationalism

17. May Fourth Movement  Two political movements developed in response  May Fourth Movement in 1919  Students led a mass demonstration in Beijing against the warlords, traditional Chinese culture and the Japanese  Hostility had been ignited by the Versailles settlement, which had given Japan the Shandong province  China like Italy in that sense  Movement was dedicated to change and rebirth  Inspired by the Bolsheviks  Stage that led to Chinese communism  Also inspired by the GMD nationalist party, which had grown much stronger during the warlord period  Two groups, communists and nationalists, were to come together in an alliance in 1922

18. Communists and Nationalists  Sun died in 1925, GMD had made little progress towards fulfilling Three Principles  Limited by lack of power beyond the south, fact they had to rely on alliances with warlords due to to weakness of military power  General Jiang Jieshi took over the GMD, committed nationalists  Military training in Japan and USSR  Soviets had begun to invest in GMD  Other revolutionary party emerged, Chinese Communist Party  Mostly intellectuals, no military strength  Reasons the GMD and CCP would cooperate together  Also suggested by the USSR

19. Attempts to Unify: The First United Front  Both the GMD and CCP wanted a united China  Agreed they must get rid of warlords, formed the First United Front  Also to get rid of foreign imperialist powers  Jiang was not a communist, removed a lot of them from the GMD  Did not break the alliance, needed the CCP at first  First United Front set out on Northern Expedition in 1926 to crush the warlords of central and northern China, great success  1927, had captured Hangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing  1928, Beijing  Took two years, GMD declared itself the legitimate government and new capital was at Nanjing

20. Immediate Causes

21. GMD Attacks the CCP  Had only been a friendship of convenience  War against warlords was over, ideological differences remained  Communists had promised land to peasants along Northern Expedition  Gave them support, also had it front industrial workers  Their popular support made Jiang decide he could no longer tolerate them in the GMD  Jiang was far more to the right than Sun had been  CCP needed to be crushed before China could be unified

22. GMD Attacks the CCP  Jiang expelled all communists, implemented “White Terror” in April 1927  Employed triads and gangsters, 5,000 killed  Became known as the purification movement  Victims were communists, trade unionists, peasant leaders  Attempts to resist were futile, CCP was nearly crushed by the end od 1927  Comintern asked the CCP to retain United Front  CCP instead flees to the mountains of Jiangsi  GMD pursued them, civil war had begun