1. Save Electricity
Save Money
Save the Earth

2. Energy!
Make it Work For You

3. SBEAP Small Business Environmental Assistance Program
A technical, administrative and regulatory support program on pollution issues for small business
Circulation of regulatory and other information
Work with trade Associations Training Workshops

4. SBEAP Small Business Environmental Assistance Program
Permitting Assistance
Explaining Clean Air Act Amendment Requirements
Notifying affected industry of new regulations
Help with technical & compliance problems

5. SBEAP Referrals Advocate for small business during regulatory process
Small Business Environmental Assistance Program
Referrals
Advocate for small business during regulatory process
Development of brochures, manuals, fact sheets, etc.
Training

6. Why Practice Energy Conservation ?
Saving energy prevents pollution
Saving energy also saves money

7. Every Kilowatt-hour saved prevents
Pollution Prevented
Every Kilowatt-hour saved prevents
1.5 lbs. of carbon dioxide (one of the Greenhouse Gases)
5.8 Grams of sulfur dioxide (one of the leading causes of acid rain)
2.5 Grams of nitrogen oxides (one of the main components of smog)

8. To produce $100 worth of electricity
Energy Production
To produce $100 worth of electricity
1700 lbs. of coal are mined
2500 lbs. of carbon dioxide is produced (Greenhouse gas)
21.3 lbs. of sulfur dioxide is produced (acid rain)
9.2 lbs. of nitrogen oxides are produced (smog)

9. Ways You Can Save Money Through Energy Conservation
Replacing older lights with more efficient lights
Replacing incandescent lights with new compact fluorescent lights
Replacing older appliances with Energy Star Labeled products.

10. Determine your savings
Compile the previous 12 months of bills
Compare to bills after the upgrade
Spot metering
Account for expansion

11. Retrofitting and Upgrades
Retrofitting is upgrading a fixture, room, or building by installing new parts or equipment
Upgrading refers replacing older items with newer items that are better than the original item

12. Five Steps of Energy Star Upgrades
Lighting
Building Tune-up
Load Reduction
Heating and Cooling Distribution
Heating and Cooling Plant

13. Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles
Lighting Choices
Properties of Lights
Measures of Lighting Quality
Ballasts
Other Lighting Related Upgrades
Disposal and Recycling

14. Lighting Upgrade Methods
Determine whether maintenance or capital
Determine different lights (fluorescent, compact fluorescent, metal halide)
Measure light levels

15. Three main principles to lighting upgrades
Efficient production and delivery of light
Target light levels
Lighting controls

16. Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles
Lighting Choices

17. Lighting Choices
Fluorescent Tube lamps
Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL)
High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID)
Halogen lamps
Incandescent

18. Fluorescent Tube Lamps
Most commonly used for large office type areas
Not very effective for lighting high ceiling areas
Very commonly used therefore reasonably cheap
New tubes contain less mercury and meet EPA mercury standards

19. Reading a Fluorescent light
F32T8
F - indicates Fluorescent
32 - is the wattage
T - indicates it’s a tube
8 - refers to diameter in 1/8 of an inch

20. Alto lamps are
some of the newer
T8 lamps that also
meet the EPA
mercury standard

21. Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL)
Last longer and use less energy (about 1/4th) than incandescent bulbs
Can be used in most all locations that incandescent bulbs can be used
High-Bay compact fluorescent luminaires can be used for high ceiling areas
Most not capable of dimming or starting at low temperatures
CFL's can also allow more light to be produced out of fixtures that are limited in wattage due to the heat produced by incandescent bulbs. This is due to the less heat produced and the higher efficacy of CFL lamps.

22. Example of a High Bay CFL Fixture

23. High Intensity Discharge (HID)
Includes Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide, and High Pressure Sodium lamps
Traditionally used for high ceiling applications and street lights
Extremely efficient especially as compared to incandescent lights

24. Halogen Lamps
Longer lasting than incandescent and more efficient
Good choice when CFLs cannot be used
Dimmable, operate in low temperatures, good for spot lighting
Provide a nice "sparkle" for highlighting retail (most often used on jewelry)

25. Incandescent bulbs
Only five percent of energy put into an incandescent bulb is converted to light.
Operate on principle of resistance, the least efficient method

26. Just what are the numbers?
In Tennessee the average cost of electricity is about $0.063 per kWh
Most businesses use indoor lighting 3650 hours a year.
Here is an example comparing the costs of operating a F40T12 lamp as compared to a F32T8 lamp (and a F32T8 lamp combined with a 75% output ballast)

27. Example Calculation 1 F40T12 lamp costs:
1 lamp x 40 watts/lamp x 3650 hours/year x kWh/1000 watts x $0.063/kWh = $9.20/year
1 F32T8 lamp costs (w/ 75% ballast):
1 lamp x 32 watts/lamp x 3650 hours/year x 1kWh/1000 watts x $0.063/kWh = $7.36/year ($5.52/year)
Savings of $220.75/year ( $448.40/year) for replacing 120 lamps

28. Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles
Lighting Choices
Properties of Lights

29. Properties of Lights
Color rendering
Color temperature
Life Expectancy
Efficacy

30. Color Rendering Index (CRI)
The CRI is a relative scale indicating how perceived colors match actual colors.
CRI is excellent color rendition
0-55 CRI is poor color rendition
Most T8 lamps have a CRI of
Cool white T-12 lamps have a CRI of 62
CFLs have a typical CRI of 82-86

31. Color Temperature
Color temperature refers to the degree of "warmth" or "coolness" provided by a lamp
Lower temperatures are considered "warm" because they are reddish.
Higher temperatures are "cool" and look bluish.
Warm lights are generally around 2700 K
Cool lights have a "temperature" of around 4100 K

32. Life Expectancy
Measured in hours of expected operation
Incandescent bulbs are rated at 750 to 2000 hours
Fluorescent lamps last 7500 to hours, 10 times as long as incandescents
Ballasts may last as long as 40,000 to 100,000 hours

33. Efficacy
Efficacy is a measure of light output compared to energy consumption (measured as lumens/watt)
Incandescent bulbs typically have a low efficacy of 6 to 24 lumens/watt
Fluorescent lamps have efficacies of 50 to 100 lumens/watt
HID lamp efficacies range from 25 to 180

34. T-12 lamps with magnetic ballasts are a
technology that hasn't changed much since
fluorescent lights were introduced in 1940

35. Advances in technology like the newer T-8
lamps with electronic ballasts provide
significant improvements in quality and
energy efficiency

36. Why are T-8 lamps better than T-12s?
T-8 lamps use about 20% less energy than older T-12 lamps.
T-8 lamps usually have greater color rendering.

37. How do CFLs compare to incandescent bulbs
CFLs use about 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs
CFLs last ten or more times as long, reducing maintenance hassles
CFLs don't produce as much heat which will lower cooling costs
Can estimate what wattage CFL to use by dividing incandescent wattage by 4

38. Measures of Lighting Quality
Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles
Lighting Choices
Properties of lights
Measures of Lighting Quality

39. Measures of lighting quality
Average light level
Uniformity of illumination
direct/reflected glare
color rendering
color temperature

40. Recommended Light Levels

41. Adjusting light levels
Decrease Light level
delamping
partial output ballasts
lower wattage
Increasing Light Level
Use reflectors
clean luminaire
Upgrade lens or louver

42. Delamping is simply the removal of one or more lamps in a fixture
One of the simplest and cheapest energy saving methods
Problems to watch for: light levels too low, wiring scheme such that remaining lamps no longer work, and "snap-back"
Approaches to delamping include uniform removal to a lower light level or selective delamping so that light levels remain higher over task-oriented areas.
Some problems to avoid are sudden changes in light levels, getting light levels too low, and "snap-back". Snap-back refers to the tendency to stick a light back into the empty socket just because that's how it has been.
Also certain fixture wiring schemes will cause all the lights to go off if one is removed (series wiring as opposed to parallel)

43. Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles
Lighting Choices
Properties of lights
Measures of Lighting Quality
Ballasts

44. Ballasts
Ballasts are used with discharge lamps such as HIDs and fluorescent lamps
Provide correct starting voltage and then reduce the current once started
Match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp

45. Points to consider about Ballasts
Electronic vs. Hybrid and Magnetic Ballasts
Number of lamps per Ballast
Series vs. Parallel wiring
Rapid-start or instant start
Power Quality (ballast factor, power factor, THD)

46. Electronic Ballasts
Electronic ballasts improve fluorescent lamp efficacy by increasing the input frequency.
This produces the same amount of light while using less power
Also decreases audible noise and lamp flicker

47. Hybrid Ballasts
Also known as cathode-cutout ballasts
Are high-efficiency magnetic ballasts with electronic components that cut off power to the cathode heater after the lamp is lit
Nearly as efficient as some rapid-start electronic ballasts

48. Number of lamps
Electronic ballasts can be found that operate three or four lamps at once
Allows for tandem wiring, using the same ballast to operate two lamps in two different fixtures
Most magnetic and hybrid ballasts only operate two lamps

49. Series vs. Parallel wiring
Series wiring schemes cause all lights to go out in that fixture if one light goes out
Parallel wiring keeps all lights lit even if one should go out

50. Rapid start vs. instant start
Rapid start ballasts have a warm-up time between first being switched on and full output
Instant start ballasts provide a higher starting voltage for no warm-up time
Instant start ballasts provide slight increases in efficiency and output
Lamp life is decreased some with instant start ballasts. Dependent on time on

51. Ballast Factor
Ballast factor is the ratio of the lamp's output vs. its standard output
Partial output ballasts have a ballast factor of 0.47 to 0.83
High output ballasts can have a ballast factor of 1.00 to 1.30

52. Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power
Power factors result from the current and voltage being out of phase with each other
The closer the power factor is to one the closer the power is to being in phase
Low power factors require more current to perform the same amount of work and cause stress on the wires and systems. Also more transformer capacity gets used which means it is then unavailable for other applications. Utilities often charge higher rates or a calculated usage rate for low power factor equipment.

53. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Harmonics can cause interference in some sensitive equipment
Can also induce hazardous currents in neutral wiring, increasing chance of fire
Electronic ballasts have a THD from 5% to 30% with some going lower than 5%
Utilities usually only offer incentives if the THD is below 32% which is the point in which it can interfere with equipment and increases chance of shock and fire.

54. Other Lighting Related Upgrades
Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles
Lighting Choices
Properties of lights
Measures of Lighting Quality
Ballasts
Other Lighting Related Upgrades

55. Other Lighting related Upgrades
Luminaire upgrades
Exit Signs
Lighting controls

56. Luminaires
Luminaire refers to the actual fixture consisting of the lamps, lamp sockets, ballasts, reflectors, lenses or louvers, and the housing
Upgrades include delamping, adding reflectors, and changing the lens

57. Delamping is often combined with the addition of reflectors
Factors having the greatest affect on improvements due to reflectors are
Reflector material
Reflector design
Efficiency of the base luminaire
Important things to remember about reflectors: to operate well they must be maintained with regular cleanings.
Also design and installation may have a greater impact than the actual reflector material. It would be best to arrange for a trial installation to see how well the reflector works for you. Light levels may be lowered below acceptable due to the delamping or the reflectors may direct the light in unwanted ways.

58. Louvers refer to covers such as small cell parabolic louvers
Lens/Louver Upgrades
Lens completely cover the luminaire (the most common is the prismatic lens)
Louvers refer to covers such as small cell parabolic louvers
Both types affect visual comfort (glare-control) and luminaire efficiency
Standard prismatic lenses and translucent diffusers have fairly low visual comfort levels but high efficiency levels. They spread the light out a lot but in turn have a lot of glare associated with them.
Small cell louvers and deep cell louvers have a much higher visual comfort level but also don't spread the light out as much, thus having a lower efficiency except directly below the luminaire.
Low glare, clear acrylic lenses are a good choice as they have high visual comfort and high efficiency. However each choice has valid applications and uses. Setting up a trial usage to determine how well the shielding material works for an application is suggested.

59. Other options
In cases where several luminaire components are going to be replaced, consider a completely new fixture
Indirect luminaires are an option in partioned office space or where computers are commonly used
Task lighting with delamping

60. Several low energy exit sign retrofit/upgrades are available
Exit Signs
Several low energy exit sign retrofit/upgrades are available
LED exit signs can last for many years and use only 4 W as compared to 30 W
Another option is electroluminescence
Newer LED technologies are increasing usable lifespan and generating brighter, whiter LEDs. LEDs are beginning to find use as traffic light signals as well.

61. Lighting controls
Controls include daylighting, occupancy sensors, timers
Timers could be useful in offsetting heavy use equipment to lower demand charges
Demand charges are determined by energy use at peak time and are often very high

62. Disposal and Recycling
Upgrading Lighting
Methods and Principles
Lighting Choices
Properties of lights
Measures of Lighting Quality
Ballasts
Other Lighting Related Upgrades
Disposal and Recycling

63. Lighting recycling and disposal
Fluorescent lamps contain mercury and are usually classed as a hazardous waste
Guidelines controlling lamp and ballast disposal are RCRA and CERCLA
Recycling provides a safe means of disposal, limits liability, and is environmentally responsible
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Regulates solid (hazardous and non-hazardous) wastes
CERCLA - Comprehensive Emergency Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. "Superfund" which established cleanup and emergency response guidelines for releases of hazardous substances into the environment.
Lamps have now been added to the Universal Waste Rule (July 1999)

64. L&C Tower upgrade
They replaced the older F40T12 lights with F32T8 Phillips Alto lamps
The old ballasts were replaced with Magnetek 4 lamp instant start electronic ballasts at 75% output
Payback of about two years with savings estimated at over $40,000 per year and a 41% reduction in electrical usage
Prevented over 450 tons of CO2

66. Building Tune-up
Just like a car, buildings need maintenance to keep them operating efficiently
Cleaning filters and checking thermostats and timers are a couple of routine checks
Keep track of monthly bills. Excessive increases might indicate a problem

67. Energy Star Equipment
Energy Star labeled equipment can reduce energy use due to special features like sleep mode and low power standby mode.
There are around 7000 different product models in 31 areas that have been Energy Star labeled.
Some estimates of saving from a washing machine with the Energy Star label for instance are around $100 a year and 7100 gallons of water. If all families in America used such estimates of savings are around $6.7 billion a year.

68. Typical Savings with Energy Star

69. Other energy saving practices
Encourage machines to be turned off for the night or weekend if they are not needed
Use double sided printing and copying
Insulate water heaters, consider on-demand water heaters
Clean refrigerator coils

70. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems
HVAC Terminology
Types of Heating Systems
Tennessee Average Fuel Costs
Relative Costs Corrected for efficiency
Types of Air Conditioning Systems
Relative costs corrected for efficiency
Practical applications 1

71. HVAC Terminology British Thermal Unit ( BTU ) Watt
Unit of heat energy
1 BTU raises 1 pound of water 1 deg. F
Watt
Unit of electrical energy
Volts X Amps =Watts
1 watt -hour = BTU
1 kilowatt hour = watt - hour =3410 BTU
Ton of refrigeration = 12,000 BTU/Hr 2

72. HVAC Terminology Energy Efficiency Ratio ( EER )
Measure of air conditioner efficiency BTU/Watt
8 EER Window unit pumps 8 BTUs per watt of electric power used
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio ( SEER )
Measure of air conditioner efficiency BTU/Watt
16 SEER Central unit pumps 16 BTU per watt of electric power used 3

73. HVAC Terminology Annual Fuel Use Efficiency ( AFUE )
Furnace BTU out/BTU in
Coefficient of Performance ( COP )
Electric Furnace or Heat Pump watts out/watts in
Heat Source Performance Factor ( HSPF)
Electric heat BTU out /watts in 4

74. Types of Heating Systems
Solar
MTSU Center for Energy Efficiency
True Geothermal (rare in Tennessee]
Electric
Combustion

75. 50 Kilowatt Service or less Larger than 50 Kilowatt service
Electric Power Rates
50 Kilowatt Service or less
~6.2 cents per kilowatt-hour energy charge
Larger than 50 Kilowatt service
~3.1 cents per kilowatt-hour energy charge
~$11 per kilowatt demand charge
Demand is the highest 15 minute average power consumption during the billing period. 12

76. Common Heating Systems Electric
Electric Resistance COP = 1.0
Air Source Heat Pump COP ~ 2.5
Also air conditions
GeoExchange Heat Pump COP ~ 3.5 5

77. Electric Resistance Heating Heaters and Electric Furnaces
Hot wire heating elements
Lowest initial cost
Highest energy cost
Cost can be exorbitant if on demand billing 6

78. Electric Resistance Heating on Demand Billing
250 Kw electric boiler =
$2750 per month plus $7.50 per hour
15 Kw Residential Size Electric Furnace
$165 per month plus $ per hour
9.0 Kw water heater =
99.00 per month plus $ per hour 7

79. Common Heating Systems Combustion
Gas engine driven heat pump COP = 1.3
Gas Combustion Furnace AFUE ~ %
Natural or Propane
#2 Oil Combustion Furnace AFUE ~ % 8

80. Gas Engine Driven Air Source Heat Pump
One model only York Triathlon
Estimated Heating COP ~1.3
Estimated AC SEER is 15.7
Uses R-22 CFC refrigerant
Higher maintenance may be justified by electrical demand reduction. 9

81. Least maintenance of combustion systems
Gas Furnace
Least maintenance of combustion systems
New 90 + AFUE condensing furnaces recover latent heat from water in flue gas
Some do not require flue, can vent through pipe. More flexible installation 10

82. Oil Combustion Furnace
Slightly less efficient than best gas units
Slightly higher burner maintenance
Higher installed first cost (oil tank)
Liability if underground tank
Waste oil heaters available which burn used motor oil. 11

83. Common Cooling Systems
Evaporative ( Swamp Cooler)
Absorption
Vapor Compression
Gas Engine Air Source Heat Pump
Air Source Heat Pump
GeoExchange Heat Pump 13

84. Sprays water directly into airstream
Evaporative Cooling
Lowest cost
Sprays water directly into airstream
Raises humidity instead of lowering it
Not effective when humidity is high
Industrial applications such as furnace rooms and dry cleaners where air conditioning is impossible. 14

85. Absorption Air Conditioning
Old proven technology
Can be run on any heat source
Reduce peak electrical demand
Low maintenance
Do not use CFC refrigerants
Chilled water units only tons 15

86. Natural Gas Engine Driven Chillers and Heat Pumps
May be most cost effective when gas is cheap.
High maintenance on internal combustion engine
One small 3 ton+ package unit available which is a heat pump. (Triathlon) 16

87. Air Source Heat Pumps Advantages
Most widely used here
Service readily available
Newer units have SEER competitive with GeoExchange
Highest efficiency to date is 18 SEER in a split system 17

88. Air Source Heat Pumps Advantages
Some new high efficiency units available with new 410a HFC ozone safe refrigerant.
Carrier/Bryant/Day and Night ( Puron)
Rheem/Ruud ( Prozone )
Lower first cost than geoexchange 18

89. Air Source Heat Pumps Disadvantages
Heating efficiency drops in cold weather
when needed most
Efficiency decreases as heat exchangers deteriorate
More complex because of reversing for defrost cycle
High maintenance and noise
Use resistance heat during defrost
Not good if on demand billing 19

90. Air Source Heat Pump Efficiency Loss25

91. Air Source Heat Pumps Disadvantages
Heating efficiency drops in cold weather
when needed most
Efficiency decreases as heat exchangers deteriorate
More complex because of reversing for defrost cycle
High maintenance and noise
Use resistance heat during defrost
Not good if on demand billing 19

92. GeoExchange Heat Pump Advantages
Lowest total life cycle cost
Least overall pollution ( EPA Study )
Lowest maintenance
Small - No heat exchanger cleaning
Large - No boiler or cooling tower maintenance
Highest efficiency
Least noise
Expected longest life ( indoor installation) 20

93. GeoExchange Heat Pump Advantages
Sizes from 1/2 to over 1000 tons
Installation flexibility
Many small units on one loop allows individual control at small cost premium -or-
One large unit
Retrofits may use some existing equipment 21

94. 1995 Residential and Light Commercial Energy Costs
Electricity $17.33
LP Gas $11.72
Heating Oil $9.74
Natural Gas $6.60
$ per million BTU 22

95. Heating Costs Corrected for Efficiency ( $ per million BTU )23

96. Cooling Costs Corrected for Efficiency24

97. Lowest Cost /Least Polluting Units
Geoexchange heat pump/water heater
High efficiency gas furnace and high efficiency electric AC ( split system )
Gas water heater
High efficiency electric heat pump 26

98. News You Can Use Decrease Solar Load
Plant trees !
Whole house fan
Adequate Attic Ventilation
Adequate insulation
Awnings over windows
Light colored roofs
Light colored blinds/shades/window film 25

101. News You Can Use Maintain Systems
Clean and comb heat exchangers
Pull disconnect Beware double feed
Replace and tighten screws on cabinets
Seal ducts in unconditioned spaces
Timed thermostats

102. News You Can Use 25

103. News You Can Use Maintain Systems
Clean and comb heat exchangers
Pull disconnect Beware double feed
Replace and tighten screws on cabinets
Seal ducts in unconditioned spaces
Timed thermostats

104. Check Equipment Ratings

105. Use the Energy Star web site http://www.energystar.gov/

108. Tennessee Energy Consumption27

109. Energy Consumption Corrected for Economic Growth28

110. Resources for more information
EPA's Energy Star Program on the web at
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation at
TVA at
Pacific Northwest National Labs at

111. More resources
U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Resources Network at
Lawrence Berkley Labs Home Energy Saver at
Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium at
ASHRAE at

112. CALL US IF YOU NEED US