1. Biochemistry SOL BIO 3 b,c

2. Organic Compounds 1.Molecules 1.Molecules containing the atom carbon ( C ) Ex: C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose 2. Most are macromolecules called polymers 3. Polymerization the process of organic polymers being built with monomers ( single molecule building blocks )

3. I. Organic POLYMERS A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids ( fats) C. Proteins D. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

4. A. Carbohydrates C,H,O Built with monomers like: 1.monosaccharides (1 sugar) - glucose ( - glucose (simple sugar) - galactose (milk sugar) - fructose (honey) 2.disaccharides ( 2 sugars bonded together ) 2.disaccharides ( 2 sugars bonded together ) - sucrose = glucose + fructose - sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)

5. 3. Polysaccharides 3. Polysaccharides - many sugar units bonded together 1. starch (bread, potatoes) - for energy 1. starch (bread, potatoes) - for energy 2.glycogen (beef muscle) – for structure & energy 2.glycogen (beef muscle) – for structure & energy 3. cellulose (lettuce, corn) – for structure 3. cellulose (lettuce, corn) – for structure 4. chitin (exoskeletons) – for structure 4. chitin (exoskeletons) – for structure glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

6. A. Carbs provide quick energy (breaking chemical bonds release energy) Ex: starch B. Carbs make up cell structures Ex: Plant cell walls are cellulose = “fiber” Ex: External skeletons are chitin C. Carbs can store energy for cells to use later Ex: glycogen CARB Examples & Functions CARB Examples & Functions – why do living cells need them? – why do living cells need them? GO Pack!

7. - Built with the monomers... one glycerol molecule bonded to bonded to three fatty acid molecules B. Lipids ( “fats” ) C,H,O

8. One “triglyceride” IOne “triglyceride” I –the smallest lipid molecule –1 glycerol3 fatty acids –1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids molecules bonded together H H-C----O H 1 glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = 3 fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

9. fatty acidsTwo types of fatty acids may be bonded to the glycerol molecule: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) - liquid at room temperature O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = unsaturated

10. Examples of lipid molecules 1. Fats - in foods, both saturated and unsaturated 2. Phospholipids – cell membrane structure 3. Oils – lubricants, cooking, fuel 4. Waxes – protective coatings 5. Steroids / hormones – regulate cell activities 6. Polyglycerides – in make-up, body lotions

11. Examples & Functions of Lipids a. Long term energy storage (fats) b. Protection against heat loss (lipid storage in specialized cells) c. Protection against water loss & germs (skin oils) d. Chemical messengers (hormones & steroids) (hormones & steroids) e. Major structural component of cell membranes (phospholipids) (phospholipids)

12. C. Proteins C H O N S 1. Monomer building blocks a. amino acids – the “building blocks” 20 total 1) 9 essential amino acids - Essential amino acids need to be obtained through our diet 2) 11 non-essential amino acids - amino acids that can be synthesized by our body

13. C. Proteins 2. 4 protein forms : 2. 4 protein forms : a.Primary (1°) b.Secondary (2°) c.Tertiary (3°) d.Quaternary (4°)

14. Primary Form (1°) peptide bonds in a long, single chain by a process calledAmino acids bond together with peptide bonds in a long, single chain by a process called protein synthesis aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

15. Secondary Form (2°) The first 3-dimensional folding of a primary structure primary structure into »coils (alpha helix) and »pleats (beta pleats) hydrogen bonds hold the secondary form together so they don’t uncoil

16. Secondary Form (2°) Secondary Form (2°) The 2 types Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

17. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheets

18. Tertiary Form (3°) bendfold 3-D packageNow cells bend and fold the coiled or pleated proteins into a 3-D package “subunit” called a “subunit” This makes them more compactThis makes them more compact WHY? so more proteins can float around inside a small cell.

19. C.Tertiary Form (3°) Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

20. Subunit: a “packaged protein” Alpha Helix & Beta Pleated Sheets joined and fold together

21. Quaternary Form (4°) Finally, 2 or more subunits fold and join together. = A PROTEIN molecule! enzymes, steroids, hemoglobin, hair, nails, digestive enzymes, steroids, hemoglobin, hair, nails, 3° subunits

22. Subunits

23. PROTEIN FUNCTIONS a. Energy albumin (egg white), meat a. Energy albumin (egg white), meat b. Transport hemoglobin = transports 0 2 b. Transport hemoglobin = transports 0 2 c. Regulatoryhormones, steroids c. Regulatoryhormones, steroids d. Movementmajor component of muscle cells d. Movementmajor component of muscle cells e. Structuralcell membranes, hair, nails e. Structuralcell membranes, hair, nails f. ControlEnzymes turn on and turn off all cellular biochemical reactions f. ControlEnzymes turn on and turn off all cellular biochemical reactions g. Defenseantibodies to fight foreign “invaders” to living tissues g. Defenseantibodies to fight foreign “invaders” to living tissues

24. Enzymes: Special Proteins

25. D. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P A. Two types: A. Two types: 1. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (double helix) 2. RNA ribonucleic acid (single strand) B. STRUCTURE – the monomers are B. STRUCTURE – the monomers arenucleotides

26. 1. Functions Nucleic acids … a. Control our hereditary messages b. Control the overall function of a cell c. Control the making of all cell proteins d. Control cell reproduction e. Control the metabolic rate of a cell

27. 2. A Nucleotide – the monomers of nucleic acids - a phosphate group + - a sugar molecule (5-carbon ring) + - a nitrogenous base … either adenine (A) adenine (A) thymine (T) - uracil (U) in RNA thymine (T) - uracil (U) in RNA cytosine (C) cytosine (C) guanine (G) guanine (G)

28. a single nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

29. DNA – the double helix form P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA

30. Q: What keeps us alive? A: the sum total of biochemical reactions in every cell termed … A: Metabolism “We’re just one big ‘ole chemical factory on legs!”

31. II. Cell Metabolism the sum total of all the chemical reactions in a cellular organism 1.Anabolic reactions building UP (requires energy) Ex: many sugar molecules a carbohydrate 2.Catabolic reactions breaking DOWN (energy released) Ex: a carbohydrate molecule ????

32. Metabolism: influencing factors 1. TEMPERATURE - low temperatures, reaction rates decreasereaction rates decrease - high temperatures, - high temperatures, speed up reactionsspeed up reactionsand can alter protein structurescan alter protein structures

33. 2.The pH of an cell’s environment - extremes of pH can irreversibly change the functioning of enzymes … stop ‘em cold  - most cells function best within a narrow range of temperature and pH. - most cells function best within a narrow range of temperature and pH.

34. III.Review Basic Cell Biochemistry A. The atoms that make up the molecules in a cell 1. carbon C 2. hydrogen H 3. nitrogen N 4. oxygen O AND some phosphorus P and sulfur S

35. Inside every cell is a concentrated mixture of thousands of different macromolecules forming a variety of specialized structures that carry out cell functions III. Basic Cell Biochemistry Facts B. The mix of molecules

36. III.Basic Cell Life C. Necessary metabolic functions 1. Energy production 2. Transportation of molecules - within the cell - in and out of the cell 3. Waste disposal 4. Protein Synthesis 5. Safe storage of genetic material 6. Reproduction 7. Defensive protection