1. Warmup: What do the following word stems mean? If you don’t know, guess.  Paleo –  Like paleontology  Neo –  Like neonatal nurse

2. Egalitarian

3. Forager

4. Domesticated Animal

5. Patriarchy  Pater – father  -archy – rule by  Mater - mother  Sinistrabrevirosmarchy

6. Pastoralism

7. Specialization of labor

8. Textiles

9. Metallurgy  Stone -> Bronze -> Iron

10. Hierarchical social structure

11. Bureaucracy

12. Stratification

13. Divine

14. Dissemination

15. Agrarian

16. Monumental architecture

17. Diffusion

18. PRE-HISTORY PALEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC SOCIETIES TO THE RISE OF CITIES

19. EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY  The Hominids –Australopithecus  Appeared in east Africa about 4 million to 1 million years ago  The term means "the southern ape" but it belongs to hominids  Walked upright on two legs, well-developed hands  Fashioned stone tools, probably knew how to use fire later  Homo erectus –Flourished 1.5 million to 200,000 years ago, east Africa  The term means "upright walking human"  Large brain allowed for different functions  Sophisticated tools, definitely knew how to control fire  Developed language skills  Language probably a hunting skill –Migrations of Homo erectus  500,000 to 200,000 years ago  First migrated to north Africa  Later migrated to Asia and Europe

20. PALEOLITHIC AGE  Homo sapiens –The term means "consciously thinking human" –Evolved as early as 250,000 years ago –Brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective thought –The advantages of intelligence over other species  Migrations of Homo sapiens –Beginning more than 100,000 years ago, spread throughout Eurasia –Several ice ages between 120 and 25 thousand years ago –Land bridges enabled them to populate islands of Indonesia, New Guinea  The natural environment –Homo sapiens used knives, spears, bows, and arrows –Brought tremendous pressure on other species

21. Early Human Migration

22. PALEOLITHIC CULTURE  Neanderthal peoples –Named after the site of the Neander valley in S.W. Germany –Flourished in Europe and S.W. Asia between 100 and 35 thousand years ago –Careful, deliberate burials-evidence of a capacity for emotion and feelings  Cro-Magnon peoples –The first human beings of fully modern type, appeared 40,000 years ago –Classified as Homo sapiens sapiens –A noticeable interest in fashion and artistic production  Social Organization –Small family units, clans of generally no more than 15-20 people –Organized hunting bands, led by elders with greatest knowledge of hunting, gathering –Women could be leaders  Venus figurines –Besides jewelry and furniture, there were also Venus figurines and paintings –The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility  Cave paintings –Best known are Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain –Subjects: mostly animals; Purposes: aesthetic, "sympathetic magic

23.  Venus figurines –Besides jewelry and furniture, there were also Venus figurines and paintings –The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility

24. ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE  Neolithic era –"New stone age" - refined tools and agriculture –Time period: from about 12,000 to 6,000 years ago –Most likely, Paleolithic women began systematic cultivation of plants –Paleolithic men began to domesticate animals –"Agricultural transition" is better than "agricultural revolution"  Early agriculture –The earliest evidence found between 10,000 to 8000 B.C.E. –Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent movement of farmers –About 5000 B.C.E., agriculture well-established in Asia and Americas  The spread of agriculture –Advantages of cultivation over hunting and gathering –Developed indigenously in several different cultural hearths –Agriculture provided a surplus

26. Some people start to change from hunting/foraging to agrarian life. How will this drastically change society in terms of  Population?  Material possessions?  Diet?  Gender roles?  The environment?  Social hierarchies?  Religion?  Architecture?

27. EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY  Population explosion caused by surplus  Emergence of villages and towns –Jericho, earliest known Neolithic village (north of the Dead Sea) –Agricultural society, supplemented by hunting and limited trade –Mud huts and defensive walls  Specialization of labor –Neolithic site of Çatal Hüyük (south-central Anatolia)  Developed into a bustling town with more than 8,000 inhabitants  Craft industries - pottery, metallurgy, and textile production –Ruling class, priestly, craftsmen, and merchants were common  Social distinctions –Agriculture brought about private land ownership –Social classes emerged, as seen in Çatal Hüyük site  Beliefs –Neolithic peoples celebrated deities associated with life cycle –Increasing deification, anthropomorphism of nature, seasons –Increasing masculinization of deities

28. NEOLITHIC ERA IN SOUTHWEST ASIA

29. Cain and Abel = Neolithic Revolution?

30. ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE  Emergence of cities –Tended to emerge in hostile environments –Harsh environments required stronger organization –Cities were larger and more complex –Cities influenced life of large regions  Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia –Region called Sumer –Ur, Erech, Uruk  Other hearths of urban civilization –Indus River Valley –Nile River Valley –River Valley of the Huang He –Coastal Jungles of Mexico

31. Clash of Cultures Agrarians vs. Pastoralists (Farmers vs. Shepherds)

32. PART I: THE ORIGINS OF CIVILIZATION

33. PART I  Paleolithic Age –Humans had spread around globe –Humans were hunter-gatherers –Life style could not support large numbers –Man makes tools of stone, bone  Began around 9,000 BCE –Rise of agriculture –Culture becomes increasingly complex

34. PALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHIC  Many resist sedentarism –Pastoralists –Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20 th century  Development uneven across regions  Change often slow  Indigenous development vs. diffusion

35. CIVILIZATION’S 1 ST PHASE  Five major centers beginning around 4,500 BCE –Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) –Nile River Valley –Indus River Valley –Northern China (Huang He) –Central America  Civilizations arose in few areas, spread out  Often arose around control of water –Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations –Irrigation, flood control at center of power, changes  Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE

36. THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION  Permanent Institutions –Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism –Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries –Social: Rise of classes –Gender: Patriarchy  Trade and Commerce  Systems of Record Keeping  Intellectual Traditions –Arts, Architecture –Literatures

37. WIDER CONTACTS  Each civilization had particular patterns  Effects of Geography –Either facilitated, hindered communication –Strengthened, weakened local culture  Contacts –War, Trade, Diseases –Nomads –Migration

38. Mesopotamia

39. The Sumerians

41. Ziggurats