1. RECAP 1641 massacre of Protestant settlers by the Gaelic Irish Oliver Cromwell takes revenge on the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. The inhabitants of both towns – men, woman and children slaughtered without mercy. Protestants undermine the Irish so future rebellions impossible.

2. Recap Cont…. Cromwell’s infamous remark: “to Hell or Connacht” Catholics involved in the rebellion had their lands confiscated (one million hectares) and were forced to emigrate or live in the poor lands of Connacht. Land Ownership by Catholics: 1641 – 60% 1688 - 20% 1714 – 7% 1800 – 5%

3. Penal Laws Catholics could not: Practise their religion (priests were exiled and executed if they returned) Vote or stand for parliament Join the army or navy Become lawyers or judges Hold any public office Hold a lease on land for more than 31 years

4. The Conquered Gaelic Irish Landless and poor Spoke Gaelic Catholic Opposed to the English Crown Few Legal rights About 80% of the population

5. The Conquerors English/Scottish Wealthy Landowners Spoke English Protestant Loyal to the English Crown Enjoyed full legal rights About 20% of the population

6. The Final blow: The Battle of the Boyne 1685 Catholic James II becomes King of England James II flees to France in 1688 William of Orange – the Dutch Protestant King who was married to James daughter takes the throne. 1690 – James tries to retake his Throne by seizing Ireland. He was soundly defeated by William of Orange A protestant ascendency was established in Ireland. Irish had their lands confiscated and were reduced to being tenant farmers under protestant landlords. The English conquest of Ireland was complete.

7. The United Irishmen By the late 1700’s a growing number of Irish (Catholic and Protestant) wanted to break with Britain. 1790’s – The Society of United Irishmen was formed: An independent republic and an end to interference by the British Crown in Irish affairs Ireland to be able to trade with other countries. (Britain was Irelands only market – no competition = low prices for Irish exports, high prices for British imports) Founder Wolf Tone was a Protestant

8. The United Irishmen cont… In 1798, with French help, the united Irishmen rebelled against British rule Rebellion was a disaster and was brutally crushed Before he was to be executed, Wolfe Tone attempted suicide and subsequently died from his wounds eight days after the attempt, thus avoiding being hanged as a convicted traitor to the Irish Crown for his involvement in the Rebellion. 1800 Act of the Union. Irish protestant parliament abolished. Ireland run directly by Britain.

9. Three Perspectives 1.English Protestant perspective: Wealthier secure farmers, landlord, tradesmen and businessmen Set up Irish stereotypes that served to justify English behaviour in Ireland Irish = drunk ‘Paddys’ who lived in bogs and ate potatoes. 2.Anglo Irish perspective Wealthier than most Catholics but little control over English policy To Irish to be English but not Irish enough to feel safe 3.Irish Catholic perspective Poor Catholic tenant farmers, excluded from power. nursed their grudges against the English but lacked power and organisation to bring about change in the short term