1. Chapter 1 Drugs in Perspective

2. Substance Use Cost to Society $776 for addictive disorders $112 million for diseases attributed to substance abuse $2,933 billion for diseases for which substance abuse is a risk factor $336 million for patients with secondary diagnosis of substance abuse Total Public Cost: $4,157 Billion

3. Problems Associated with Drugs  Traffic Fatalities  Murders  Child Abuse  Drowning  Rapes  Suicides  Spousal Abuse

4. Definitions Drug: Any substance that alters one’s ability to function emotionally, physically, intellectually, financially or socially Psychoactive Drugs: Any substance that has the capability of altering mood, perception or behavior. Drug Misuse: The intentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs.

5. Drug Abuse: The intentional and inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, intellectual or social consequences for the user.

6. Historical Perspectives of Drug Use Alcohol -Beverages might have been fermented intentionally as early as about 10,000 B.C. -Early Egyptians, Hebrews, Chinese, Greeks and Romans were fond of alcohol.

7. Alcohol played a significant role in the early history of the United States (one reason the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth was that they ran out of beer)

8. Marijuana -Cannabis (source for marijuana) has been cultivated for its fiber since at least 4,700 years. -As far back as 4,700 years ago, the Chinese Emperor Shen Nung prescribed it for aliments such as gout, malaria, and gas pains.

9. -Use of marijuana was noted in the Americas as early as 1545. -By the late 1800s numerous reports detailed cannabis use for many medical reasons.

10. Narcotics -Narcotics is a term used interchangeably with terms opiates or opioids. -Opiate refers to opium and derivatives of opium -The earliest reference to the opium poppy was 6,000 year old Sumerian tablet and it was referred to as the “joy plant”

11. -Opium was a staple in ancient Greece and Rome. -In the Arab world, opium was widely used because the Koran forbid alcohol use -In 1805, the active ingredient in opium was identified and called morphine

12. -During the Civil War many soldiers became addicted to morphine (soldier’s disease) -In the late 1800s a semisynthetic drug “nonaddicting” wonder drug was developed to relieve pain and replace morphine. It was called heroin.

13. Coffee -One of the earliest written references to coffee dates back to 900 A.D. in Arabia. -The Chinese reportedly used caffeine almost 5,000 years ago.

14. -The Koran condemned coffee as an intoxicant and banned it’s use. -In the 1600s coffeehouses because centers for learning (called Penny Universities).

15. Cocaine -Ancient drawings suggest that chewing coca leaves (cocaine is in the coca leaves) was popular prior to the rise of the Incan Empire as early as 3000 B.C.. -When the Spaniards conquered the Incas they realized the importance of the coca leaves to the natives

16. -In the later part of the 19 th century a popular red Bordeaux wine called Mariani’s Coca Wine (Vin Mariani) was marketed. -Cocaine was popular among Freud, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

17. -The original formula for Coca-cola contained cocaine. -Cocaine became more of a recreational drug in the 1970s.

18. Amphetamines -Amphetamine are powerful, prescription stimulants synthesized in the late 1800s in Germany -Amphetamines are still used medically and abused for their powerful, long acting stimulating effect

19. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -Sedative-Hypnotic drugs are those drugs that are capable of inducing sedation and/or sleep. They include barbiturates non-barbiturates, minor tranquilizers, and inhalants.

20. Hallucinogens -Hallucinogens are relatively new drugs and represent drugs capable of inducing both delusions and hallucinations. -Examples of the these drugs include LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and jimsonweed

21. Tobacco -Tobacco has been widely used for centuries. -At first tobacco was used for medicinal purposes and then mainly for recreational purposes.

22. Summary  Drug use is a valid concern because of its effects on individuals, families and societies  The Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans used alcohol and it figured prominently in the development of the United States

23.  The rum trade had a role in the economic expansion in the United States  One of the earliest written accounts of marijuana use dates back to China where people took it for medical problems

24.  Many early civilizations used opium  The popularity of cocaine rose after it was included in many products such as medicines, wine, and Coca-cola  Naturally produced hallucinogens have a long history