1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

2. Overview Anatomy and physiology definitions Planes of Reference
Terms of Orientation
Hierarchy of tissues, organs, and systems

3. Anatomy and Physiology Definitions
The study of the structure of an organism.
Physiology:
The study of function.
Applied (clinical) anatomy:
Application of anatomical study for diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Descriptive (systematic) anatomy:
Involves the description of individual parts of the body without reference to diseases.

4. Definitions Gross anatomy: Microscopic anatomy: Pathological anatomy:
Study of the body and its parts that are visible without the aid of microscopy.
Microscopic anatomy:
Study of structure of the body by means of microscopy (includes electron microscopy)
Pathological anatomy:
Study of parts of the body with respect to the pathological entity.

5. Definitions Developmental anatomy:
Study of the growth and development of the organism.
Phylogenetic age and embryologic age

6. Related Terms Cytology: structure of cells
Histology: microscopic study of cells
Osteology: bones
Myology: muscles
Arthrology: joints
Angiology: blood
Neurology: nervous system

7. Where, and in what orientation, is something in the body?
Planes of Reference
Where, and in what orientation, is something in the body?

8. Planes of Reference Coronal plane: Sagittal plane: Transverse plane:
Divides body into
Front and back
(asymmetric)
Sagittal plane:
Left and right
(symmetric)
Transverse plane:
Top and bottom

9. Terms of Anatomical Orientation
Large scale divisions of the body

10. “Segments” of the Body Thorax: Abdomen: Torso (trunk): Pelvis:
Chest region
Abdomen:
External abdominal wall
Torso (trunk):
Thorax and abdomen together.
Pelvis:
Hip bones
Cranium:
Skull

11. Terms (Planes) of Orientation
Anterior or ventral:
Front or belly
Posterior or dorsal:
Back or Back
Rostral:
Toward the head/brain
Caudal:
Toward the tail
Peripheral:
Away from the center
Superficial:
Surface

13. Terms of Orientation Deep: External: Internal: Distal: Medial:
Closer to the axis of the body
External:
Outside
Internal:
Inside
Distal:
Away from midline
Medial:
Toward midline

14. Terms of Orientation Superior: Inferior: Prone: Supine: Lateral: Above
Below
Prone:
On belly
Supine:
On back
Lateral:
Sides

15. Terms of Orientation Proximal: Flexion: Extension:
Near to point of reference
Flexion:
Bending toward front
Extension:
Pulling to ends apart
Hyperextension (dorsiflexion):
Bending dorsally

16. Terms or Orientation

17. Terms of Orientation Ipsi-lateral: Contra-lateral: Adduct: Abduct:
Same side
Contra-lateral:
Opposite side
Adduct:
Bring toward (usually the midline, or close)
Abduct:
Draw away from (away from midline, or open)

18. Tissues, Organs, Systems, and other important structures
Anatomical Hierarchy
Tissues, Organs, Systems, and other important structures

19. Tissue Types Epithelial: Connective: Muscular: Nervous:
Provides a protective surface lining for structures.
Connective:
Provides support for structures.
Muscular:
Contracts to provide movement.
Nervous:
Conveys neurotransmitters and nerve impulses that encode either sensory information, or motor tasks.

20. Epithelial Tissue
Simple epithelium: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated
Compound epithelium: Stratified and transitional
Skin (inner and outer), sensory cells
“…epithelial tissue lines nearly all of the cavities of the body as well as the tubes that connective them.”

21. Connective Tissue
Areolar: Elastic, supportive tissue. Found between muscles and organs.
Adipose: Same as areolar tissue, but is more fatty. Also found between muscles and organs supports and cushions structures.
Lymphoid: Found only in tonsils, adenoids, and lymph nodes.

22. Connective Tissue Fibrous: Binds structures together.
White fibrous: Strong and dense. Found in ligaments. Composed of collagenous (fatty) and reticular (net-like) fibers.
Yellow elastic: Has elasticity (returns to original shape). Found in some cartilages. Composed of elastic fibers.

23. Connective Tissue Cartilage: Strong & elastic.
Hyaline cartilage:Found where bones connect to other structures (articulation), such as ribs.
Fibro-cartilage: Contains collagenous fibers. Acts as a shock absorber. Found between vertebrae and in joints.
Yellow cartilage: Firm. Not as elastic as other cartilages. Found in nose and ear (pinna).

24. Connective Tissue Blood: Fluid component called plasma.
Bone: Hardest connective tissue.
Compact bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone: Contains marrow.

25. Muscular Tissue Striated (skeletal) muscle: Smooth muscle:
Used to move skeletal structures. (a.k.a. voluntary or somatic muscle) Contracts voluntary.
Smooth muscle:
Muscle of internal organs. Contracts involuntarily (autonomic), and may also be responsible for glandular secretions
Cardiac muscle:
Muscle of the heart. Combo of striated and smooth. Contracts involuntarily.

26. Nervous Tissue
Used to chemically alter other tissue through its release of neurotransmitter.
Composed of neurons.
Parts of neuron:
Body (soma)
Dendrite
Axon

27. Neuron: Simple Version
Axon (Output side)
Soma (Cell Body)
Dendrite (input side)

28. Neuron: Not so simple version

29. Sensory Systems, Motor Systems, Nervous System, etc.
Body Systems
Sensory Systems, Motor Systems, Nervous System, etc.

30. Body Systems
Systems of the body are groups of organs that work together for a common purpose.
Organs can belong to more than one system.
Examples: muscular, skeletal, digestive, reproductive, and etc…

31. Speech Systems Respiratory system: Phonatory system:
lungs, trachea, rib cage, abdominal muscles, etc.
Phonatory system:
larynx and associated structures.
Articulatory/resonatory system:
tongue, lips, palate, teeth, nasal cavity, and oropharynx.
Auditory system:
outer, middle, and inner ear

32. Summary Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism.
Physiology is the study of an organism’s function.
Comparative anatomy is also instructive when related to phylogenetic age
Anatomical planes and orientation
Sagittal, coronal, and transverse
Anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, lateral, etc…

33. Summary Types of tissues, organs, and systems
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons
Speech systems
Respiratory, phonatory, articulatory/resonatory, and auditory