2. INSULIN LAB Instructor Terry Wiseth Click to go to Next Slide Click to End the Show

3. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0Mg / deciliter Blood samplers Normal Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. It is important to the regulation of blood glucose levels because it functions to allow body cells to absorb glucose from the blood. Most of the glucose absorbed from the bloodstream is subsequently converted and stored by the body cells into glycogen.The body has to maintain a blood glucose level sufficient to serve nerve cells, which are not able to store glucose. Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon when blood glucose levels drop too low. Glucagon causes body cells to convert their stored glycogen to glucose and release it into the bloodstream. Click on the blackboard here to zoom in on a larger blackboard Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

4. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0Mg / deciliter Blood samplers Normal DIABETES TYPE 1 develops when the pancreas does not produce insulin. DIABETES TYPE 2 develops when the body cells do not respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas. In both types, glucose remains in the bloodstream. Excess glucose is filtered from the bloodstream by the kidneys. This excess will then find its way to the urine. In the experiment we are about to perform, we will be studying the effects of insulin treatment for TYPE 1 DIABETES. We will be comparing the glucose levels of a normal rat to those of a diabetic rat. We will also compare the rats again after each is injected with insulin. Normal levels of blood glucose are in the range of 80 - 125 ml /dl. A subject is said to be diabetic if the blood glucose level exceeds 175 ml / dl. Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

5. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0Mg / deciliter Blood samplers Normal For this lab you will need to submit the following in your lab report. 1) Insulin Lab Data Table 2) Answers to Questions 1- 7 You can access a printable form of the Data Table and the Questions by using the links below. Insulin Lab Data Table LAB QUESTIONS Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

6. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers Note that there are two rats in separate cages. The rat labeled as normal will be the control specimen, while the other will serve as the experimental animal. Normal Used Syringe Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

7. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers There are three syringes on the shelf to the left. The syringes contain saline, insulin and alloxan. Alloxan is a drug that kills the beta cells that produce insulin, and thus renders the injected subject as a diabetic. Normal Used Syringe Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

8. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers The small syringes in the container on the table will be used to sample blood from the tails of the rats. The blood samples will be analyzed in the Glucose meter. Be sure to enter the data in the data table as you progress through the experiment. Normal Used Syringe Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

9. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers You can access and print the Data Table by utilizing the link below. Normal Used Syringe Insulin Lab Data Table Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

10. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers We will be injecting the normal rat with saline solution and the experimental rat with alloxan. In a real lab situation the injections would be given daily for a week. In this simulation we will perform the injections only once. Normal Used Syringe Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

11. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Experimental Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers Next we will be obtaining blood samples from the tails of the two rats. We will then inject both rats with insulin and obtain blood samples again. Record the data from the Glucose meter in the data sheet and answer the questions at the end of the lab. Normal Used Syringe Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

12. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers Click on the Saline syringe to inject the control rat. Next click on the Alloxan syringe to inject the experimental rat. Experimental Normal Used Syringe Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

13. Next we will test each of the rats blood for glucose concentration. Click on one of the syringes in the container on the table to test the blood of the normal “control” rat. Record the data from the Glucose meter in the Data Table. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers Experimental Normal Used Syringe 85.7 Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

14. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers Experimental Normal Next click on another syringe in the container on the table to test the blood of the diabetic “experimental” rat. Record the data from the Glucose meter in the Data Table. Used Syringe 210.6 Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

15. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers We will be injecting both the control and the experimental rats with a dose of insulin. Click on the syringe labeled Insulin on the shelf to the left. Used Syringe Experimental Normal Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

16. Now we will test each of the rats blood for glucose concentration again. Click on one of the syringes in the container on the table to test the blood of the normal “control” rat. Record the data from the Glucose meter in the Data Table. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers Experimental Normal Used Syringe 55.2 Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

17. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers Experimental Normal Next click on another syringe in the container on the table to test the blood of the diabetic “experimental” rat. Record the data from the Glucose meter in the Data Table. After you have recorded your data, go to the next slide and answer the quesitons given Used Syringe 90.8 Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

18. Click to go to Next Slide AlloxanInsulinSaline Glucose meter 0mg / deciliter Blood samplers Experimental Normal Used Syringe 90.8 At this point you have collected all of the data required for this experiment. Be sure that you have made all of the calculations required to fill out the Data Table. The next exercise you will need to perform is to answer the lab questions. You can find the lab questions on the next slide or you can use the link below to access a printable page. LAB QUESTIONS Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide

19. LAB QUESTIONS 1)Why did we inject the “experimental” subject with Alloxan? 2) Why did we inject the “control” subject with saline solution? 3) What effect did the Alloxan have on the experimental subject? 4) Why is there a difference in the glucose concentrations for the control and the experimental subjects after the alloxan and the saline injections? 5) Why is the glucose level of the control subject so low after injection with insulin? 6) What was the effect of insulin injection on the experimental subject? 7) Why do insulin injections lower the blood glucose levels? Click to go to Previous Slide Click to Return to Title Slide