1. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
Chapter 22
Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

2. Development of the Reproductive Systems
Dependent on sex hormones
Males—testosterone
6 to 7 weeks’ gestation, male embryos differentiate under the influence of testes-determining factor (TDF)
Females—estrogen, FSH, and LH
Gonads produce estrogen; in the absence of testosterone, there is a loss of the wolffian system, and the two gonads develop into ovaries
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) produced in the hypothalamus by 10 weeks’ gestation controlling the production of the gonadotropins LH and FSH
LH and FSH levels rise until 28 weeks, stimulating estrogen and progesterone production
Gonadostat-negative feedback mechanism controls GnRH
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

3. Development of the Reproductive Systems
Sexual differentiation in utero
Homologous structures
Gonads
Ducts
Mesonephric
Paramesonephric
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

4. Development of the Reproductive Systems
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

5. Development of the Reproductive Systems
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

6. Development of the Reproductive Systems
Puberty
Exact trigger unknown
Females
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHAS)
Begins with thelarche (breast development) in females
Adrenarche
Gonadarche
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

7. Development of the Reproductive Systems
Puberty
Accelerated growth followed by thelarche
9 years of age in white girls
8 years of age in black girls
Early puberty in girls linked to:
Obesity
Increased levels of leptin (a hormone secreted from adipose tissue); regulates appetite
Leptin levels increase until puberty, then decrease as puberty advances
Contributes to increased adipose tissue, allowing maturation to occur
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

8. Development of the Reproductive Systems
Puberty
Males—testes begin to produce mature sperm
Male puberty complete with the first ejaculation that contains mature sperm
Females—ovaries begin to release mature ova
Female puberty complete at first ovulatory menstrual period
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

9. Development of the Reproductive Systems
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

10. Female Reproductive System
External genitalia (vulva)
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

11. Female Reproductive System
External genitalia (vulva)
Introitus
Hymen
Urinary meatus
Lesser vestibular glands (Skene glands)
Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)
Perineum
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

12. External Genitalia (Vulva)
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

13. Internal Genitalia Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

14. Internal Genitalia
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

15. Uterine Position
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

16. Internal Genitalia
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

17. Ovary
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

18. Follicle Development
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

19. Female Sex Hormones Estrogens Progesterone Androgens Estradiol Estrone
Estriol
Progesterone
Androgens
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

20. Menstrual Cycle Menarche Menopause Phases Menstruation (menses)
Follicular/proliferative phase
Luteal/secretory phase
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

21. Menstrual Cycle Ovarian cycle Uterine phases Vaginal response
Body temperature change
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

22. Menstrual Cycle
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

23. Male Reproductive System
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

24. Male Reproductive System
External genitalia
Testes
Essential organs of reproduction
Produce gametes
Produce sex hormones (androgens, testosterone)
Suspended outside the pelvic cavity
Sperm production requires an environment that is 1° or 2° C cooler than body temperature
Epididymis
Scrotum
Penis
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

25. Male Reproductive System
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

26. Male Reproductive System
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

27. Male Reproductive System
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

28. Male Reproductive System
Internal genitalia
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

29. Male Internal Genitalia
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

30. Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia Primary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Sertoli cells
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

31. Spermatogenesis
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

32. Male Reproductive System
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

33. Male Sex Hormones Androgens Primary androgen—testosterone
Produced mainly in Leydig cells of the testes
Testosterone
Sexual differentiation
Urogenital system development
Nervous and skeletal tissue development
Sex drive
Dihydrotestosterone and prolactin
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

34. Male Sex Hormones
Hormones secreted at each level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (H-P-T) axis
Control and coordinate testicular function
Positive and negative feedback signals
Sex steroids inhibit hypothalamic GnRH secretion and pituitary LH responsiveness to GnRH
Testicular inhibin that inhibits pituitary FSH and, possibly, circulating estrogens
Disruption along the H-P-T axis may lead to hypogonadism or infertility
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

35. Structure and Function of the Breast
Modified sebaceous glands on the ventral surface of the thorax
Female breast
Nipple
Areola
Glands of Montgomery
Male breast
Until puberty, male and female development is similar
Without sufficient influence of estrogen and progesterone, male breast does not develop any further
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

36. Structure and Function of the Breast
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

37. Structure and Function of the Breast
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

38. Tests of Reproductive Function
Infection and cancer tests
Culture
Serologic testing
Tissue biopsy
Needle biopsy
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
Mammography
Fertility tests
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

39. Aging and the Female Reproductive System
Menopause
Perimenopause
Vasomotor symptoms
Vasomotor flush
Associated with fluctuation in estrogen levels not just estrogen loss
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg

40. Aging and the Male Reproductive System
Reproductive capacity longer than woman’s
No event comparable to menopause
Decreased erectile and ejaculatory function
Testes atrophy, decrease in weight, and soften
Decreased levels of gonadotropins and testosterone
sdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgsdfgdfgdfgsdfgsdfg