1. Globalization Theme: Impact of globalization and related responses (2) 7 Political dimension of globalization globalization

2. Theme Mind Map Different perceptions of globalization Different discourses on globalization Economic dimension of globalization Cultural dimension of globalization Different reactions to globalization The mainland and Hong Kong under globalization Impact of economic globalization 3 1 2 5 7 11 48 10 Political dimension of globalization Impact of political globalization Factors which influence the spread and evenness of the impact of globalization 9 Impact of globalization and related responses 6 Impact of cultural globalization

3. Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? 7 Political dimension of globalization To learn the meaning of political globalization To understand the relationship between global issues and political globalization Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re- organize the world order? To explore whether the international arena is a level playing field To learn the participants of global governance To learn the meaning and development of ‘global governance’ To understand how the different aspects of globalization are interconnected To reflect the impact of political globalization on our life To appreciate the ideologies of ‘cosmopolitanism’ and ‘global citizenship’

4. Exploration Journey How do political affairs spread across the world? 1

5. Why do domestic affairs of an individual country arouse global concern? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

6. The definition of political globalization What is ‘political globalization’? It refers to the strengthening and expansion of political ties between all countries or regions. Specifically, political globalization can be interpreted in two aspects: Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? ─ One one hand, it refers to the process in which individual countries’ acts are increasingly subject to the constraints of global norms. ─ On the other hand, it refers to the process in which all governments have more opportunities to participate and exert their influence in the decision-making of international affairs.

7. The background to the development of political globalization After the European countries signed the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, sovereign states became the only legal actors at the international level. What is ‘political globalization’? Signatories: Kingdom of Spain Holy Roman Empire and the constituent states House of Bourbon of the French Empire Kingdom of Sweden Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

8. The background to the development of political globalization However, as all kinds of global issues arise, it is difficult for individual countries to deal with the issues on their own. What is ‘political globalization’? International organizations and transnational corporations play an increasingly important role in some global issues and even gradually transcend the leading status of the sovereign states. Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

9. Is political globalization interacting with economic and cultural globalization? Economic globalization Political globalization Cultural globalization Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

10. The relationship between political globalization and economic globalization Is political globalization interacting with economic and cultural globalization? Under economic globalization, all economies are more closely integrated. A force which encourages free trade and prohibits national trade barriers and protectionism was formed. Free trade enhances the flow of goods Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

11. The relationship between political globalization and economic globalization If an individual country adopts protectionism, it will be regarded as a breach of the international norm. The country will be criticized or even boycotted. Is political globalization interacting with economic and cultural globalization? To ensure the smooth progress of free trade between members, some international organizations require their members to sign treaties. Free trade Protectionism Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

12. The relationship between political globalization and economic globalization Is political globalization interacting with economic and cultural globalization? To attract investments, non-Western countries (especially the developing countries) adopt Western laws, regulations and systems. This reflects that national policies are affected by economic activities. Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

13. The relationship between political globalization and economic globalization Under cultural globalization, the spread of some universal values (such as democracy, liberty and human rights) influences human values. Is political globalization interacting with economic and cultural globalization? Besides, a leader’s personal values and those commonly existing among the people of a nation all affect diplomatic policy-making. Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

14. Global issues foster political globalization How do global issues foster political globalization? Conventionally, political activities are confined to a state; all countries adopt their own policies to deal with local issues. Policies→Local issues Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

15. Global issues foster political globalization How do global issues foster political globalization? With closer ties between all countries, the issues faced no longer have geographical constraints. People all over the world gradually face the same global issues and all countries need to join hands to solve them, resulting in globalization of political acts. Policies→Global issues Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Policies→Global issues

16. Global issues foster political globalization How do global issues foster political globalization? Global issues have a cross-boundary impact. Even though different countries or regions are affected differently by global issues, international cooperation is needed for solving the issues. This has prompted the globalization of political activities. Examples of global issues: Climate change and environmental pollution Wars and transnational crimes Disease and its prevention Poverty and uneven distribution of wealth Protection of human rights Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world? Exploration Journey 1: How do political affairs spread across the world?

17. Exploration Journey 2 Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order?

18. Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Under political globalization, is the role of a state still important?

19. The definition of global governance What is ‘global governance’? It refers to the governance mode which aims at handling global issues through political interaction at different levels. International Regional Between countries Between localities Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? It includes the cooperation between countries and participation of international organizations.

20. The emergence of global governance What is ‘global governance’? Global issues arise under globalization: Global governance has become an essential mode of governance for handling the above issues. Widespread epidemics Transnational crimesClimate change Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

21. The emergence of global governance What is ‘global governance’? Today, global governing bodies have offices covering all over the world. Examples are: The United Nations The World Trade Organization The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

22. The interaction between the participants of global governance The participants of global governance include: State governments Transnational corporations International organizations (IGOs and INGOs) Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

23. International organizations The interaction between the participants of global governance International governmental organization A body formed by a number of sovereign states for a specific purpose IGOs have gradually gained importance, and they always lead the direction of the international community’s public policies International non-governmental organization A transnational institution formed by non-governmental groups INGOs handle transnational and ethnic issues so they receive attention from all governments Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

24. The interaction between the participants of global governance State governments IGOs are formed with sovereign states as the legal members. Member states send their delegates to discuss and vote in the process of decision-making. Individual countries can exert different levels of influence in the international organizations. The delegate from China (who raises his hand) engages in discussion in the UN. The one sitting next to him is the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

25. The interaction between the participants of global governance Transnational corporations Under economic globalization, there are free flows of capital, labour and technologies. To attract investments from transnational corporations which come from the West, the developing countries tend to modify their economic systems based on the Western model. Shanghai-based factory of Coca-cola Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

26. The interaction between the participants of global governance Transnational corporations Apart from shaping government policies, transnational corporations pursue corporate social responsibility and adopt certain extent of self-supervision so as to promote environmental protection and social responsibility. Starbucks shows concern for the needs of farmers in its promotional advertisement. Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

27. Participants of global governance: Public health IGOs World Health Organization UNITAID INGOs Médecins Sans Frontières International Committee of Red Cross State governments Sovereign state governments Transnational corporations Transnational pharmaceutical companies, such as Pfizer and GSK

28. The definition of transnational rules What are ‘transnational rules’? ‘Transnational rules’ can be interpreted as the general name for agreed international legal instruments signed between two or more countries or international organizations or between countries and international organizations. They include: Treaty Charter Protocol Agreement Covenant Convention Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

29. The reasons for signing transnational rules Why are transnational rules signed? In the face of widely influential global issues, countries must work together more closely in order to reach their common goals. Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Signing the transnational rules makes the attainment of goals more binding.

30. The reasons for signing transnational rules Why are transnational rules signed? Transnational rules: Can be formed with the help from international organizations or they may be reached upon the consensus of the participating countries. Can be legally binding or purely serve as guidelines. May involve most countries or regions in the world or only a few. Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

31. Is there a level playing field in the international arena under global governance? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

32. Fairness of the playing field in the international arena under global governance To study objectively whether there is a level playing field in the international arena, we can analyze the issue from three perspectives: Fair? System of international organizations Global economy and trade National political influence Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

33. Fairness of the playing field in the international arena under global governance System of international organizations On becoming a member of an international governmental organization, a country enjoys the endowed rights and must discharge the due obligations. Rights: to participate in discussions and voting Responsibility: to pay membership fees Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

34. Fairness of the playing field in the international arena under global governance Global economy and trade: The developed countries can create favorable conditions for themselves in international trade through their political and economic strength. They force the weak developing countries to sign treaties which contain clauses that bring profits to the developed countries. Many developing countries have no alternative but accept passively the rules set by the developed countries. Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

35. Fairness of the playing field in the international arena under global governance The developed countries put up trade barriers to the main export industries of the developing countries. For agricultural: Developing countries Developed countries Heavy subsidization Substantial dumping of agricultural products Free trade! Abolishing tariffs Cutting policy subsidies Opening up markets Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?

36. Fairness of the playing field in the international arena under global governance Global issues National political influence Developing countries Relatively backward Economically poorer Depend on the developed countries’commodity markets Accept the proposals made by the developed countries Draw back Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order? Exploration Journey 2: Does political globalization help to re-organize the world order? help to re-organize the world order?