1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-1 Part Three Theories and Institutions: Trade and Investment International Business Environments and Operations, 13/e Global Edition

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-2 Chapter Seven Governmental Influence On Trade

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-3 Chapter Objectives To explain the rationales for governmental policies that enhance and restrict trade To show the effects of pressure groups on trade policies To describe the potential and actual effects of governmental intervention on the free flow of trade To illustrate the major means by which trade is restricted and regulated To demonstrate the business uncertainties and business opportunities created by governmental trade policies

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-4 Physical and Social Factors Affecting the Flow of Goods and Services

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-5 The Role of Stakeholders All countries seek to influence trade, and each has economic, social, and political objectives: Conflicting objectives Interest groups

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-6 Why Governments Intervene in Trade

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-7 Import Restrictions to Create Domestic Employment May lead to retaliation by other countries Are less likely retaliated against effectively by small economies Are less likely to be met with retaliation if implemented by small economies May decrease export jobs because of price increases for components May decrease export jobs because of lower incomes abroad

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-8 Protecting “Infant-Industries” The infant-industry argument for protection holds that governmental prevention of import competition is necessary to help certain industries move from high-cost to low-cost production

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-9 Developing an Industrial Base Countries seek protection to promote industrialization because that type of production:  Brings faster growth than agriculture  Brings in investment funds  Diversifies the economy  Brings more income than primary products do  Reduces imports and promotes exports  Helps the nation-building process

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-10 Assumptions in Developing an Industrial Base Surplus Workers Investment Inflows Diversification Growth in Manufactured Goods Import Substitution and Export-Led Development Nation Building

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-11 Economic Relationships with Other Countries Trade controls are used to improve economic relations with other countries Their objectives include improving the balance of:  payments  raising prices to foreign consumers  gaining fair access to foreign markets  preventing foreign monopoly prices  assuring that domestic consumers get low prices  lowering profit margins for foreign producers

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-12 Maintaining Essential Industries In protecting essential industries, countries must:  Determine which ones are essential  Consider costs and alternatives  Consider political consequences

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-13 Preventing Shipments to “Unfriendly” Countries Considerable governmental interference in international trade is motivated by:  political rather than economic concerns  maintaining domestic supplies of essential goods  preventing potential enemies from gaining goods that would help them achieve their objectives

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-14 Maintaining or Extending Spheres of Influence Governments give aid and credits to, and encourage imports from, countries that join a political alliance or vote a preferred way within international bodies. A country’s trade restrictions may coerce governments to follow certain political actions or punish companies whose governments do not.

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-15 Preserving National Identity To sustain this collective identity that sets their citizens apart from those in other nations, countries limit foreign products and services in certain sectors.

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-16 Instruments of Trade Control Trade controls that directly affect price and indirectly affect quantity include:  tariffs  subsidies  customs-valuation methods  special fees

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-17 Nontariff Barriers: Direct Price Influences Subsidies Aid and Loans Customs Valuation Other Direct Price Influences

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-18 Nontariff Barriers: Quantity Controls Trade controls that directly affect quantity and indirectly affect price include:  quotas  voluntary export restraint (VERs)  “buy local” legislation  standards and labels  specific permission requirements  administrative delays  reciprocal requirements  restrictions on services

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-19 Dealing With Governmental Trade Influences When facing import competition, companies can:  Move abroad  Seek other market niches  Make domestic output competitive  Try to get protection

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-20 Tactics for Dealing with Import Competition Convincing Decision Makers Involving the Industry and Stakeholders Preparing for Changes in the Competitive Environment

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-21 Future: Dynamics and Complexity Trade restriction changes bring about winners and losers among countries, companies, and workers The international regulatory situation is becoming more complex Production shifts create uncertainties and dynamics for companies’ operations

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 7-22 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.