1. Analysis and Quantification of Air Quality and Climate Co-benefits for Coal-fired Power Plants in China Thesis Presentation by Jing Chen (ID: 107813) Examination Committee Prof. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Chairperson) Prof. C. Visvanathan Dr. Thammarat Koottatep Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development 1

2. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development   BACKGROUND  OBJECTIVES  SCOPE  METHODOLOGY  RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OUTLINE 2

3. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development  Rapid economic growth  Energy demand  Energy system in China: coal-dependent 80% electricity generated by coal-fired power plants (CFPPs)  Future trend of CFPPs A.Trend: Coal as major power source will not be changed in the near future B.Government Actions : Towards clean coal energy BACKGROUND 3

4. Coal-fired Power Plants in China Coal Reserve in China EIA, 2006 NBSC, 2008Wang, 2007 4

5. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development CFPPs, the Largest Pollution Source in China 5

6. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Climate Forcers:  Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )  Black carbon (BC)  Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 )  Nitrogen oxide (NO x )  Organic carbon (OC)  Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Other Air pollutants:  Particulate matter (SPM, PM 10, PM 2.5 )  Trace elements, heavy metal vapors Major Air Pollutants from CFPPs 6

7. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development  To obtain the overall picture of CFPPs in China;  To develop emission inventory of SPM, PM 10, PM 2.5, OC, BC, CO 2, SO 2, NO x and VOCs for CFPPs in China;  To evaluate the emission under the different technologies’ scenarios;  To analyze and quantify the co-benefits of air quality and climate under the different technologies’ scenarios. OBJECTIVES 7

8. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development  Representative CFPPs are selected by combustion technology used;  Focus on annual emission of climate forcing agents and other typical pollutants from CFPPs, not ambient air quality;  Air pollutants include: A.Climate forcing agents: CO 2, BC, SO 2, NO x, OC, VOCs B.Other pollutants : SPM, PM 10, PM 2.5 SCOPE 8

9. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Climate Forcers from CFPPs Cooling CO 2 BC VOCs SO 2 OC NO x Warming 9

10. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Warming Mechanism of CO 2 (GHG S ) Source: Environmental Assistance Office (EAO) 10

11. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Warming Mechanism of BC Increase Temp by darkening ice or snow. Ice or Snow Increase Temp by reducing cloud albedo and coverage Increase Temp by direct absorption of solar radiation Cloud 11

12. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Clean Coal Technology AVAILABLE COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES  CFB  Subcritical, Supercritical and USC generation units  IGCC (in developing stage) EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES  SO 2 removal : FGD  NO x removal : Low NO x burner, SCR (in developing stage)  PM removal : ESP, Baghouse  CCS (in developing stage) 12

13. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development METHODOLOGY Selection of CFPPs Reviews on CFPPs 2017-BAU Emission Scenario 2017-(BACT+ACT) Emission Scenario Step1. Literature Reviews Step2. Data Collection Step3. Emission Inventory Step5. Co-benefits Analysis Literature StudyQuestionnaire Co-benefits Analysis -- Comparison of scenarios -- Quantification of co-benefits Emission Inventory (Base year: 2007) Future Projection Step4. Emission Scenarios 13

14. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development 1) Emission Inventory  Approach : Semi-bottom-up  Emission Inventory Calculation Method: based on emission factors and activities. Emission = AD × EF Where: AD: Activity Data / Rate EF: Emission Factor 14

15. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development 2) Coal Consumption Determination Share of each type of CFPPs (%) Total electricity generation by CFPPs (kwh) Electricity generation by each type of CFPPs (kwh) Coal consumption per unit of electricity generation (gram/kwh) Coal consumptions SubcriticalSupercriticalUSCOld tech 15

16. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development CFPPs Air Quality Climate Air Pollution Reduction Climate Forcing Mitigation Global Warming Contribution O 3 AQ benefits Co-benefits 3) Co-benefits Analysis 16

17. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Quantification of Co-benefits : CO 2 (e) = ∑ AD * EF i * GWP i (derived from Reynolds and Kandlikar (2008)) AD: activity data (i.e. annual coal consumption) EF i : emission factor of species i GWP i : global warming or cooling potential of species 17

18. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Structure of CFPPs Installation in China 2007 2017- BAU 2017-(BACT+ACT) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 18

19. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Emission Controls in CFPPs in China 100% ESP Old tech: 48% wet-FGD and 52% no control Old tech: no control Subcritical & above: 100% wet-FGD Subcritical & above: 100% LNB 100% ESP 100% wet-FGD 90% LNB 10% SCR 100% ESP100% wet-FGD100% SCR PMSO 2 NO x 2007 2017-BAU 2017- (BACT+ACT) 19

20. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development This study TypeShare*SPMPM 10 PM 2.5 OCBCCO 2 SO 2 NO x VOCs Old tech.52.0%1606112456280.082.5E+0686275300137 Subcritical42.3%78054627340.041.2E+061032222266 Supercritical5.3%9365320.50.0051.4E+05852758 USC0.4%7530.040.00041.2E+047221 Total100%2486174087012.50.13.9E+0697517819212 Gov. published data and other previous studies SEPA (2007) – 3290 ––––– 12,5908400 – Zhao et al. (2008) – 27741842994 ––– 16,0976965 – Emission inventory of CFPPs in China (base year: 2007) Unit: k ton 20

21. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Emissions of Air Pollutants from CFPPs under two scenarios 21

22. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Global Warming Contributions Year Total CO 2 -equivalent (million ton) Reduction (compared to 2017-BAU) 20-year100-year20-year100-year 200733873694—— 2017-BAU1104510919—— 2017- (BACT+ACT) 10250105027%4% 22

23. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Ozone Formation Contributions Year GW due to O 3 -formation (CO 2 equivalent in million ton) Reduction (compare to 2017-BAU) 20-year100-year20-year100-year 2007817434—— 2017-BAU21291131—— 2017- (BACT+ACT) 26614088% 23

24. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development CONCLUSIONS-(1)  Technology  Technology: CFPPs with ‘old technologies’ were still dominating in coal-fired power generation system in 2007. The share of each type of CFPPs in China: 52% old technologies, 42.3% subcritical, 5.3% supercritical and 0.4% USC.  Emission reduction:  Emission reduction: 2017-(BACT+ACT): 4% for SPM, PM 10, PM 2.5, SO 2, CO 2 and VOCs, 3% for OC and BC, 88% for NO x compared to that of 2017-BAU.  Climate co-benefit:  Climate co-benefit: 2017-(BACT+ACT) can reduce global warming contributions by 7% for 20-year time horizon and by 4% for 100- year time horizon, compared to that of 2017-BAU. 24

25. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development CONCLUSIONS-(2)  Ozone formation co-benefit:  Ozone formation co-benefit: 2017-(BACT+ACT) can reduce ozone formation contribution alone by 88% for both of 20-year and 100- year time horizon, compared to that of 2017-BAU.  Reduction of global warming contribution: not significant  Mainly due to Coal fuel: C-intensive  CO 2 is the major GHG  alternative fuels should be considered  CCS  Technology improvements of CFPPs can not compensate the increasing in the energy demand  emission reductions are small 25

26. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development RECOMMENDATIONS Applications of research results:  Consider the co-benefits of technology improvements for China’s CFPPs  Reduce the share of CFPPs: alternative fuels  Apply CCS for CFPPs  IGCC coupled with CCS For further study: This study did not cover the cost benefits such as for climate and health.  Cost benefits should be explored to achieve the more comprehensive picture of co-benefits analysis.  The effects of emission reductions on air quality should be quantified by air modelling. 26

27. Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development THANKS! 27