1. “CO 2 –Course 2 in Gothenburg, 2004” Estonia`s Perspective on CO 2 Capture and Storage overview by Rein Kuusik CO 2 Emissions Inventory and Diminishing Perspectives

2. Content National circumstances Antropogenic GHG emissions inventories Policy and measures Projections and effects Expected impacts Conclusion Links

3. Map of Estonia On 2 slides

4. General Independence on 20 August 1991 Restructuring from planned to market economy started in the early1990s Population –1,37 million. Diminishing ~0,9% annually Population density -31,8 inhabitants per km2 45 216 km2 Flat topography, average elevation 50 m; H.p.- 318 m Meam temp. in July:+16-18oC, in February: -3,5 - 7,5oC Mean annual precipitation range: 550 –700 mm Mean wind speed in coastal zone – 5-7 m/s

5. Land use

6. Distribution of population

7. GDP

8. GDP by economy sectors

9. Contribution of forestry and agriculture

10. Energy and industry profile

11. Changes in fuel supply

12. Oil shale In 1999, share in electricity generating 92% A s a fuel it is characterized by - a high ash content (45-50%), - moderate moisture (11-13%) and sulphur contents (1.4-1.8%) - a low net caloric value (8.5-9 MJ). The production of oil shale peaked in 1980 and fell by 8 million tons from1980 to 1990.

13. Antropogenic GHG emissions inventories Key gases  carbon dioxide(CO 2 ),  methane (CH 4 )  Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)  Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)  Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)  Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 )

14. Contribution

15. CO 2 by economy sektors

16. CO 2 emissions, combustion

17. Net CO 2 removal

18. Net CO 2 emissions

19. Policy  Sustainable Development Act (RT I 1995,31, 384) - sets the most general principles for sustainable development  Estonian National Environmental Strategy (RT I1997, 26, 390) - is the major basi c document for the policy-making process in the field of environment  the National Environmen­tal Action Plan (NEAP) - defin es concrete conceptual, legislation, organisational, educational, training and also investment measures for reaching the objectives set in the National Environmental Strategy  A number of environmental norms and standards have been worked out and adopted

20. Strategy 1 – general In order to achieve improvements in air quality, it is necessary: - to support development of less polluting types and means of transport - to ensure the importation of high-quality engine fuel - to stimulate the consumption of cleaner fuels - to impose restrictions established by international conventions on the use of ozone depleting substances and in order to achieve - reduction of emissions of VOC and heavy metals - reduction of emission of sulphur and nitrogen compounds - stabilization and reduction of emissions of GHG (CO 2, CH 4, CxHy).

21. Strategy 2 - energy In order to promote energy conservation, it is necessary: to stimulate the use of less polluting fuels; to encourage energy saving at transport from the producer to the consumer; to support the use of renewable fuels and energy sources; to reduce the negative impact of the oil-shale energy complex on the environment; to introduce new technologies to raise the efficiency of the energy sector starting from fuel supply through power generation and transmission to energy consumption;

22. Projections 1 The projections of the GHG emissions were calculated on the basis of general trends of the development of national economy, energy demand and supply in Estonia. The results of the inventory of GHG show that an approximate total of 76% of all GHG emissions consist of CO 2, with combustion processes being the largest source (approx. 98% of all CO 2 emissions). For this reason, the main attention was directed to the projection for CO 2 emissions from combustion processes. The remaining 24% of all GHG emissions consist of methane(21%) and nitrous oxide (3%). Here the uncertainties are greater. C omplicated task is to compile scenarios for the GHG sink, the more so as we have not scientifically supported calculations for biogeochemical cycles of CO 2 in terrestrial ecosystems for Estonia.

23. Projections 2 General background for making projections  Population Gross Domestic Product  Energy price Energy taxation  Energy policy and institutional issues The number of quantitative indicators for the energy sector and national economy were taken into account when drafting GHG emission scenarios for Estonia. The two projections elaborated were: WM-projection (“with measures” projection), which reflects the impact of planned measures and the policies and measures implemented in period 1995-2000;. WAM-projection (“with additional measures” projection), which encompasses additional policies and measures, that may be taken in future.

24. Results, energy sector have a look on the overhead slide with table 4.2.1 and slide 18

25. Projections 3

26. Climate Scenarios

27. Conclusions In the Republic of Estonia the legislation, policy and measures for mitigation of the atmospheric emissions of GHG-s including CO 2 have been elaborated and enforced No measures focused on the capture and storage of CO 2 have not been foreseen in the state-level plans The basic and applied research for CO 2 mineralisation in the energy sector have been initiated by TTU under support of ESF and SC Narva Elektrijaamad

28. Links http://www.envir.ee/eng/strategy.html http://www.envir.ee/eng/neap.html http://www.mkm.ee/failid/Estonian Energy2002 http://www.seit.ee/allalaaditavad materjalid - Possible Energy Sector Trends in Estonia. Context of Climate Change - Country Case Study on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Assessment in the Republic of Estonia http://www.envir.ee/eng/strategy.html http://www.envir.ee/eng/neap.html http://www.mkm.ee/ http://www.seit.ee/allalaaditavad