1. Sanitation in Emergencies Sanitation in Emergencies Overview 1 Marco Bruni, seecon international gmbh

2. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Copyright & Disclaimer

3. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Contents 1.Disasters and Sanitation Systems 2.Emergency Phases and Intervention 3.Minimum Standards 4.Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System 5.Emergency Sanitation – More than just Provision of Toilets! 6.The Role of Ecological Toilet Systems 7.References 3

4. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Disasters 4 1. Disasters and Sanitation Systems Disasters Storms Floods Tsunamis Fires Draughts Earthquakes Pandemics Armed conflicts

5. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info The Effects of Disasters on Civil Society 5 1. Disasters and Sanitation Systems Disaster Main health problems caused by Insufficient water supply and sanitation Poor hygiene Consumption of contaminated water Main health problems caused by Insufficient water supply and sanitation Poor hygiene Consumption of contaminated water Objectives Minimisation of the spread of faecal-oral diseases Restoration of a healthy environment Objectives Minimisation of the spread of faecal-oral diseases Restoration of a healthy environment Health of survivors is exposed to high risks GWC (2009) THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

6. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Emergency Phases are not Time-bound 2. Emergency Phases and Intervention Immediate Emergency Phase Recovery Phase Stabilisation Phase 6 Settlement Phase Emergency phases roughly describe the steps that affected people go through after an emergency. The phases are not time-bound. They depend on the achievement of targets. Usual duration 1 week – 3 months Usual duration 2 – 6 months Usual duration 2 months – several years Usual duration Several years

7. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 7 2. Emergency Phases and Intervention Normality

8. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 8 2. Emergency Phases and Intervention Disturbance Normality

9. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 9 2. Emergency Phases and Intervention Disturbance Normality Rehabilitatio n Objectives Save lives Ease suffering Speed up process of rehabilitation

10. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 10 2. Emergency Phases and Intervention Disturbance Normality Intervention Rehabilitatio n Objectives Save lives Ease suffering Speed up process of rehabilitation General task Immediate response However, upgrading the system in a long-term perspective has to be considered already at the beginning.

11. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 11 Disturbance Normality Intervention Rehabilitatio n Objectives Save lives Ease suffering Speed up process of rehabilitation General task Immediate response However, upgrading the system in a long-term perspective has to be considered already at the beginning. Tasks in relation to water, sanitation & health (WASH) Provision of safe drinking water Maintenance of basic hygiene Reduction of health risks THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011) Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation 2. Emergency Phases and Intervention

12. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Minimum Standards for Excreta Disposal in Emergencies The international community of emergency response organisations has defined minimum standards that people who are affected by an emergency can expect from organisations providing humanitarian assistance. 12 3. Minimum Standards The most commonly mentioned minimum standards are the Sphere Standards. For excreta disposal in emergencies, they include: A living environment free from human faecal contamination Access to adequate, appropriate and acceptable toilet facilities Source: http://www.clker.com/cliparts/e/3 /9/7/1245686792938124914raemi_C heck_mark.svg.med.png [Accessed: 12.04.2012] http://www.clker.com/cliparts/e/3 /9/7/1245686792938124914raemi_C heck_mark.svg.med.png THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

13. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info What is a Sanitation System? Establishing an emergency sanitation system is not only about constructing physical infrastructure but also about awareness raising and capacity building (hygiene education) 13 4. Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System Source: http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg [Accessed: 12.04.2012]http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg Source: http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg [Accessed: 12.04.2012]http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg

14. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info There is no One-fit-to-all Solution 14 4. Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011) Factors determining the individual choice of the sanitation system FactorsE.g. The cause of the emergency eventFlooding, storm, pandemic, draught The type of the areaRural, urban The level of displacement of the affected population In-situ: people staying close to their homes Ex-situ: highly dispersed settlements, mass shelters, self-settlements, planned camps The emergency phaseImmediate-, stabilisation-, recovery-, settlement phase The available capacity and resources Financial, human, knowledge, material, skills, etc. The political and social context of the affected region Stability, corruption, traditions, habitudes, etc. Source: HARVEY et al. (2002); JOHANNESSEN (2011)

15. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Typical Sanitation Systems 15 4. Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011) In-situ emergency situation TypeRemarks Communal latrinesFast construction, high quality, maintenance required/ no user-responsibility Family latrinesUser-responsibility, simple and cheap construction, more accessible Ex-situ emergency situation TypeRemarks Demarcated defecation area First phase: the first two to three days when a huge number of people need immediate facilities Trench latrinesFirst phase Pit latrinesAlso for long-term Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) Immediate, medium- and long-term. Yet, context-based: mainly in response to high water tables and flood situations Septic tanksMedium- to long-term Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011) Source: HARVEY ET AL. (2002)

16. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Source: WHO (2011); HARVEY et al. (2002) Management of solid waste Stormwater management (drainage of surface runoff) Management of dead bodies (both health-risk and psychological impacts/trauma) More than just Provision of Toilets! 16 5. Emergency Sanitation Complementary planning and organisation of hygiene promotion

17. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info EcoSan – An Attractive Alternative to Conventional Latrines Examples for EcoSan Toilets: Urine diversion toilet Composting toilet Terra preta toilet 17 6. The Role of Ecological Sanitation Systems Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011) +++Advantages+++ Resistant to flooding Reduce water consumption Reduce odour Usable also after emergency By-products can be reused (fertilisation) ---Disadvantages--- Require more careful operation and maintenance Handling of excreta poses high health risks Adapted from JOHANNESSEN & BIKABA (2009); OXFAM (2009); RUBERTO & JOHANNESSEN (2009)

18. Sanitation in Emergencies Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 18 7. References HARVEY, P.A. (2007): Excreta Disposal in Emergencies. A Field Manual. Leicestershire: WEDC Loughborough University.. http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/154709 [Accessed: 16.04.2012]. http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/154709 JOHANNESSEN, A.; BIKABA, D. (2009): Sustainable Sanitation for Emergencies and Reconstruction Situations - Factsheet of Working Group 8 (draft). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance SuSanA http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-797-en-susana-factsheet-wg08-emergencies-version-3.pdf [Accessed: 24.07.2011]. http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-797-en-susana-factsheet-wg08-emergencies-version-3.pdf JOHANNESSEN, A. (2011): Identifying Gaps in Emergency Sanitation. Design of New Kits to Increase Effectiveness in Emergencies. Stoutenburg: Oxfam & WASTE. http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/b-conferences/13-stoutenberg- conference-2011/stoutenberg-feb-2011-report-final.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/b-conferences/13-stoutenberg- conference-2011/stoutenberg-feb-2011-report-final.pdf OXFAM (Editor) (2009): UD Toilets and Composting Toilets in Emergency Settings. London: Oxfam Publishing. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/humanitarian/downloads/TBN7_UD_composting_toilets.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012]. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/humanitarian/downloads/TBN7_UD_composting_toilets.pdf THE SPHERE PROJECT (Editor) (2011): Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action Publishing. URL: http://www.sphereproject.org/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,17/Itemid,203/lang,English/ [Accessed: 17.10.2011]. http://www.sphereproject.org/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,17/Itemid,203/lang,English/ RUBERTO, C.; JOHANNESSEN, A. (2009): Innovations in Emergency Sanitation. International Water Association (IWA). Stoutenburg: The Netherlands. http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-958-en-minutes-wg12-innovations-emergency- sanitation-workshop-netherlands-2009-02.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-958-en-minutes-wg12-innovations-emergency- sanitation-workshop-netherlands-2009-02.pdf WHO (Editor) (2011): Technical Options for Excreta Disposal in Emergencies. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/tn14_tech_options_excreta_en.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012]. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/tn14_tech_options_excreta_en.pdf

19. Sanitation in Emergencies 19 “Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture” SSWM is an initiative supported by: Created by: