1. Cause and Effect By Mrs. Topliff

2. Cause and Effect  Cause: the reason something happened Did not do my homework Did not do my homework  Effect: the results of the reason something happened Mrs. T scolds you for not turning it in Mrs. T scolds you for not turning it in

3. Cause and Effect  Cause  Thunderstorm lasted all day  She forgot to close the refrigerator door  You didn’t study for the Language Arts test  Effect  Baseball game was cancelled  Food in the refrigerator was spoiled  You failed the test

4. The Cause-Effect Essay  Cause-and-effect writing gives reasons and explanations for events, conditions, or behavior  It answers the need most of us have to understand the world around us.  When planning a cause-and-effect essay, begin by listing the event or condition you want to address  Then brainstorm to generate ideas about either its causes or its effects. Do additional research on your topic if necessary.

5. What Causes People To Dislike People Who Are Different  Cause  People have a bad experience with someone  Parents and family members teach them to dislike a people who are not like themselves Nazis Nazis KKK members KKK members  Effect  Therefore they think all people associated with that person is bad  As a result people grow up with these same beliefs, disliking those different from them Discrimination of Jews Discrimination of Africa- Americans

6. Cause and Effect Writing  Think carefully about the causes and effects you have listed  Check to be sure you have not drawn any incorrect conclusions  Ask yourself the following questions in regards to the list you have made… Have I assumed a cause-effect relationship when there is none? Have I assumed a cause-effect relationship when there is none? Have I assumed only one cause when many causes may be appropriate? Have I assumed only one cause when many causes may be appropriate?

7. Different types of Causal Relationships  Necessary Cause - one that must be present for the effect to occur Example: Combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. Example: Combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.  Sufficient Cause - one that can produce an effect without help, though there may be more than one sufficient cause of a given effect. Example: A dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting-- but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same Example: A dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting-- but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same  Contributory Cause - one that helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself. Example: Running a red light might help to cause an accident....though other facts -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be present. Example: Running a red light might help to cause an accident....though other facts -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be present.

8. More Questions to ask Yourself  Have I incorrectly assumed a causal relationship between two events that immediately follow each other?  Did I distinguish between long-term and short- term causes and effects. A short-term cause or effect is a single, immediately identifiable event; A short-term cause or effect is a single, immediately identifiable event; A long-term cause or effect may be less easy to pinpoint but in the long run more important? A long-term cause or effect may be less easy to pinpoint but in the long run more important?  Did I distinguish between primary (most important) and secondary (ancillary) effects?

9. Cause and Effect Essay: Introduction  Catchy beginning sentence  Thesis Statement!  Summary of what you will be discussing in the essay

10. Cause and Effect Essay: Body  Find and organize supporting details. Back up your thesis with relevant and sufficient details that are organized. You can organize details in the following ways: Chronological. Details are arranged in the order in which the events occurred. Chronological. Details are arranged in the order in which the events occurred. Order of importance. Details are arranged from least to most important or vice versa. Order of importance. Details are arranged from least to most important or vice versa. Categorical. Details are arranged by dividing the topic into parts or categories. Categorical. Details are arranged by dividing the topic into parts or categories. Use appropriate transitions. To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases listed below. Use appropriate transitions. To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases listed below.  For causes because, due to, on cause is, another is, since, for, first, second because, due to, on cause is, another is, since, for, first, second  For Effects consequently, as a result, thus, resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore consequently, as a result, thus, resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore

11. Cause and Effect: Conclusion  Restatement of the thesis statements (but in different words)  Summarizing everything you said in the Essay  Personal Statement that gives your opinion, and finalizes the essay

12. Cause and Effect Essay Tips  Remember your purpose. Decide if your are writing to inform or persuade.  Focus on immediate and direct causes (or effects.) Limit yourself to causes that are close in time and related Limit yourself to causes that are close in time and related  Strengthen your essay by using supporting evidence. Explain what big words mean! Explain what big words mean! Pretend your reader is a little brother or sister! Pretend your reader is a little brother or sister! You need to break it down! You need to break it down! offer facts and statistics, or provide examples, anecdotes, or personal observations that support your ideas. offer facts and statistics, or provide examples, anecdotes, or personal observations that support your ideas.  Qualify or limit your statements about cause and effect. Unless there is clear evidence that one event is related to another Unless there is clear evidence that one event is related to another "It appears that the cause was" or "It seems likely" or "The evidence may indicate" or "Available evidence suggests." "It appears that the cause was" or "It seems likely" or "The evidence may indicate" or "Available evidence suggests."

13. Cause and Effect Key Words  Show the table Mrs. T!!!