1. AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 4

2. LE 48-12 Hyperpolarizations Graded potential hyperpolarizationsGraded potential depolarizations 5 Time (msec) Resting potential 4 32 1 0 Threshold –100 –50 0 Membrane potential (mV) Stimuli +50 Depolarizations 5 Time (msec) Resting potential 4 32 1 0 Threshold –100 –50 0 Membrane potential (mV) Stimuli +50 Action potential 5 Time (msec) Resting potential 4 32 1 0 Threshold –100 –50 0 Membrane potential (mV) Stronger depolarizing stimulus +50 Action potential 6

3. Action potential moving toward the CNS Cell body Schwann cell Depolarized region (node of Ranvier) Myelin sheath Axon

4. Dendrites of the neurons

5. Summation and the Threshold potential Hyperpolarizations Graded potential hyperpolarizationsGraded potential depolarizations 5 Time (msec) Resting potential 4 32 1 0 Threshold –100 –50 0 Membrane potential (mV) Stimuli +50 Depolarizations 5 Time (msec) Resting potential 4 32 1 0 Threshold –100 –50 0 Membrane potential (mV) Stimuli +50 Action potential 5 Time (msec) Resting potential 4 32 1 0 Threshold –100 –50 0 Membrane potential (mV) Stronger depolarizing stimulus +50 Action potential 6

6. Stimulus receptors Light touch Pain Cold Hair Heat Hair movement Strong pressure Hypodermis Nerve Connective tissue Dermis Epidermis

7. Inside the Cochlea

8. Cochlear Duct

9. Balance and the Inner ear

10. Taste

11. Smell

12. . Lateral line Lateral line canal Epidermis Neuromast Opening of lateral line canal Scale Lateral nerve Segmental muscles of body wall Cupula Supporting cell Nerve fiber Sensory hairs Hair cell

13. Statosyst Statolith Sensory nerve fibers Ciliated receptor cells Cilia

14. . 1 mm Tympanic membrane

15. Tympanum for hearing