1. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Ch5: Creating the Constitution 1781-1789

2. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States What form of national government did the Patriots create initially, and what events revealed that a new government was necessary? After the Revolutionary War, the Patriots feared entrusting the Congress with too much power. Most authority remained with the states. But strong state governments and a weak national government led to problems.

3. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress encouraged the former colonies to create state constitutions. Patriots disagreed over the design, especially over how much power to give the common people. State constitutions each provided for a republic where people voted for their representatives.

4. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States weak state governments with most of their power in a popularly elected legislature. unicameral or one house legislature with either a weak governor or none at all. a large House of Representatives with small districts so that the people had more control. Democratic Patriots like Thomas Paine wanted more power for common people. They favored:

5. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States a governor with broad powers. bicameral legislature, with two houses. an upper house or senate made up of wealthy, well- educated gentlemen who would balance a lower house elected by the common people. Conservative Patriots like John Adams feared giving power to the common people. They favored:

6. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Democratic states like Pennsylvania allowed all male taxpayers over age 21 to vote. Conservative states preserved colonial requirements of property ownership for voting. None gave the vote to women or to slaves. In time, most grew more democratic with the lower house gaining more power. There was also debate over who should vote.

7. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Most new state constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion. Previously, colonies collected taxes for religious institutions. Now, religious freedom and pluralism became the norm. The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom set the example. It allowed for religious liberty free of state influence.

8. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States This first national constitution created a loose confederation of states in 1777. Congress drafted the Articles under John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. Congress’s power was limited to prevent the problems experienced under Britain. The Articles of Confederation was created by the Continental Congress.

9. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress implemented and enforced laws. Executive power was shared by committees. Each state had one vote in Congress. Minor issues were passed by a simple majority. Major issues, like declaring war, required 9 states. Amendments to the Articles required the agreement of all 13 states. With the Articles, government power was limited.

10. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress had a limited role. There was also no federal court system. Congress could:Congress could not: Declare war or conduct foreign policy. Tax Administer relations with Indian nations. Regulate commerce between states or states and foreign nations

11. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Articles created a method to settle and govern the Northwest Territory.

12. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Surveyors divided the territory into a N-S and E-W grid to establish hundreds of townships. Each township was subdivided into one square mile sections to sell at $1 each. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a method to distribute public land.

13. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Land Ordinance of 1785 grid system is still evident today.

14. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a system to govern territories and create states. Congress established a territorial government and appointed a governor. Settlers were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and rights of common law. Once there were 5,000 men, an assembly could be elected. The appointed governor retained veto power. Once there were 60,000 residents, a territory could apply for statehood. Congress established a territorial government and appointed a governor. Settlers were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and rights of common law. Once there were 5,000 men, an assembly could be elected. The appointed governor retained veto power. Once there were 60,000 residents, a territory could apply for statehood. It abandoned the British model of keeping colonies permanently subordinate.

15. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Northwest Ordinance: barred slavery. required a republican constitution. promised settlers basic freedoms. ignored the rights of Native Americans. resulted in five new states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

16. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Spain threatened to forbid the shipment of goods through New Orleans. Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships. Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory. European nations did not take the new nation seriously. Spain forbade American trade with New Orleans. Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships. Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory.

17. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Growing problems led to calls for a revision of the Articles of Confederation. The nation’s debt was mounting. The economic depression was deepening as debts, bankruptcies, and foreclosures grew. Shays’ Rebellion demonstrated the Federal government’s weakness. Foreign nations did not respect the United States.

18. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States What new system of national government did the delegates agree upon at the Constitutional Convention of 1787? After Shays’ Rebellion, Congress called for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they created an entirely new constitution.

19. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States By 1787 most citizens agreed that the Articles were flawed and needed at least two major changes: In May, delegates from 12 states met in Philadelphia to propose Amendments to the Articles. The power to regulate interstate and international commerce The power to tax

20. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States 53 of the nation’s top leaders convened at the Pennsylvania State House. Most helped to write their state constitutions. Most were rich. All were white males. 21 fought in the Revolution. 8 were signers of the Declaration of Independence.

21. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Missing: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. They were serving as diplomats in Europe. George Washington was chosen as president of the Convention. James Madison Roger Sherman George Mason Elbridge Gerry William Paterson James Wilson John Dickinson Charles Pinckney Benjamin Franklin Alexander Hamilton Edmund Randolph Gouverneur Morris Leaders present: Who came?

22. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Alexander Hamilton advocated a powerful central government. Ben Franklin contributed experience, wisdom, and prestige. Framers of the Constitution

23. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Called the Father of the Constitution, James Madison already had a plan of government in mind. Called the Father of our Country, George Washington attracted crowds when he arrived in Philadelphia. Framers of the Constitution

24. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Hamilton and Madison emerged as leaders. Conservative; he feared too much democracy Favored a balance of aristocracy, monarchy, and republicanism Alexander Hamilton James Madison Favored a large republic with diverse interests to preserve the common good Favored a system where different interests would “check” each other’s power to ensure liberty

25. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States A strong federal government with power to tax, regulate commerce, and veto state laws A Senate and a House of Representatives, both based on population A strong President to command the military and manage foreign relations James Madison proposed his Virginia Plan:

26. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States An executive by committee rather than one leader A unicameral legislature with one vote per state regardless of population States retain sovereignty except for a few powers granted to the federal government William Patterson proposed the New Jersey Plan:

27. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Roger Sherman proposed The Great Compromise to break the impasse: Two Houses in Congress: The lower house was based on a state’s population. In the upper house, each state had two senators. A system of federalism: Power would be divided between the federal government and the states. Certain powers, such as issuing money, were forbidden to states.

28. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Southern states feared larger free states would dominate Congress and threaten slavery. They saw slavery as essential for their economy and demanded protections in the Constitution. Delegates from Georgia and South Carolina threatened to walk out. Slavery proved to be a divisive issue.

29. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Slaves states were allowed to count 3/5 (60%) of their slave population toward representation in Congress and as electoral votes for presidential elections. Importation of slaves could not be forbidden for twenty years. Northern states could not pass laws to help runaway slaves. Solution: Three-fifths Compromise

30. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States 39 delegates signed and the Constitution was sent to the states for ratification. On September 17 th ; 42 delegates remained at the convention. Alexander Hamilton accepted the Constitution as the only alternative to “anarchy and convulsion.”

31. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States How did Americans ratify the Constitution, and what are its basic principles? Although many delegates to the Constitutional Convention felt the Constitution was imperfect, all but three delegates signed it. Would the states accept the proposed plan? If not, what would become of the new nation?

32. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States By drafting a new Constitution, the delegates had exceeded their mandate to amend the Articles. Not expecting passage in all 13 states, they changed the rules for ratification: to be by special conventions in each state, not by state legislatures required approval of only 9 states

33. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Federalists favored the Constitution. They stressed the weaknesses of the Articles. They argued that only the proposed Constitution could remedy these weaknesses. They were led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who, along with John Jay, published a series of essays called The Federalist.

34. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States In Federalist No.10 and Federalist No. 51, Madison argued that a strong national government and the Constitution’s system of checks and balances would strengthen liberty. In Federalist No. 78, Hamilton wrote of the importance of a judicial branch to protect liberty. A copy of The Federalist signed by George Washington

35. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States They feared a loss of liberties and distrusted the absence of a bill of rights. They feared concentration of power in a distant elite, believing instead that power should remain in state governments. Leading Antifederalists included Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry. Antifederalists were opponents of ratification.

36. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Antifederalists included many farmers. They feared the Constitution threatened state debtor relief laws that rescued many from foreclosure. Farmers distrusted lawyers, merchants, and the wealthy, who were largely Federalists.

37. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Federalists pushed for fast approval. By mid-January 1788, five states had ratified, but nine states were needed. Federalists gained the support of Massachusetts Gov. John Hancock by hinting he may be picked as the first vice president. When the Federalists agreed to add a bill of rights, four more states quickly ratified. By mid- January 1788, five states had ratified, but nine states were needed. Federalists gained the support of Massachusett s Gov. John Hancock by hinting he may be picked as the first vice president. When the Federalists agreed to add a bill of rights, four more states quickly ratified.

38. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States While nine states were the minimum, the two largest states, Virginia and New York, were necessary for the nation to survive. Virginia finally ratified, despite Patrick Henry’s opposition. New York ratified after New York City threatened to secede from the state. New York City celebrated ratification with a parade.

39. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The last two states, Rhode Island and North Carolina, now reconsidered earlier rejections and ratified as well, bringing the total to 13 states. Congress convened in New York’s Federal Hall on March 4, 1789 to: Elect a first president (George Washington) and vice president (John Adams). Add a Bill of Rights.

40. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States He used Virginia’s Bill of Rights as a model. Madison avoided any statements about equality that might offend the slave states. Ten amendments guaranteed individual freedoms. To prevent future abuse or limitations on freedom, any unmentioned rights were retained by the people. James Madison was assigned to create a Bill of Rights.

41. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Bill of Rights

42. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Constitution established a representative government based on six principles.