1. Acids, Bases, & Salts
Chapter 25

2. Acids & Bases
Section 1

3. Acids Properties of acids
contains at least 1 hydrogen atom that can be removed when acid is dissolved in water forming hydronium ions
Properties of acids
Taste sour
Corrosive and can damage skin or tissue
React with an indicator such as litmus paper to produce a predictable color change

4. The stomach uses hydrochloric acid.
Common Acids
Foods contain acids.
Citrus fruits have citric acid.
Yogurt and buttermilk have lactic acid.
Vinegar, or acetic acid, is in pickled foods.
The stomach uses hydrochloric acid.

5. Four acids are vital to industry.
Sulfuric acid
used in car batteries & in making fertilizers.
Phosphoric acid
used to make detergents, fertilizers, & soft drinks.
Nitric acid
used to make fertilizers & explosives.
Hydrochloric acid
Used to clean steel

6. Base Properties of bases forms hydroxide ions in a water solution
accepts hydronium ions from acids
Properties of bases
Crystalline solids in undissolved state
Feel slippery in solution
Strong bases are corrosive
React with indicators to produce predictable color changes; litmus paper turns blue

7. Solutions of acids and bases
Uses of Common bases
cleaning products, medications, fabrics, and deodorants.
Solutions of acids and bases
Acid describes compounds that can be ionized in water to form hydronium ions
Base describes compounds that can form hydroxide ions in solution
Solutions of acids & solutions of bases are electric conductors to some extent

8. Strength of Acids & Bases
Section 2

9. strength of an acid or base
depends on how completely a compound separates into ions when dissolved in water
strong acid
ionizes almost completely in solution.
weak acid
only partly ionizes in solution.
strong base
dissociates completely in solution.
weak base
does not ionize completely.

10. Strong acids and bases conduct more electricity than weak ones.
Equations for strong acids & bases use a single arrow, indicating ions are formed
Equations for weak acids & bases use double arrows in opposite directions, indicating an incomplete reaction
Dilute and concentrated are terms to describe the amount of acid or base dissolved

11. pH is determined using a universal indicator paper or a pH meter.
pH - a measure of the concentration of H ions in a solution or how acidic or basic it is.
pH lower than 7 means acidic.
pH greater than 7 means basic.
pH exactly 7 indicates a neutral solution.
pH is determined using a universal indicator paper or a pH meter.
Blood contains buffers which keep the pH balanced at about 7.4

12. Salts
Section 3

13. Salt is essential for many animals Other salt uses
Neutralization
chemical reaction between an acid and a base taking place in a water solution
Salt
compound formed when negative ions from an acid combine with positive ions from base
also form when acids react with metals
Salt is essential for many animals
Other salt uses
manufacturing of paint, rubber, glass, soap, detergents, and dry cell batteries

14. 1. Standard solution 2. Indicator 3. End point Titration
used to determine the concentration of an acidic or basic solution.
Process of Titration:
1. Standard solution
A solution of known concentration
2. Indicator
What is added to the unknown solution.
3. End point
When a color change persists

15. Soaps Detergents Esters Polyesters
organic salts with polar and nonpolar ends.
Nonpolar hydrocarbon end interacts with oil and dirt
Polar end helps oil and dirt dissolve in water
Detergents
form more soluble salts with the ions in hard water and reduce soap scum; can cause other environmental problems
Esters
from alcohols, aren’t bases but have hydroxyl group
used in fruit flavorings and perfumes
Polyesters
synthetic fibers used to make fabrics