1. Chapter 23 Acids, Bases, and Salts

2. Acids
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) when placed in water
When acids/ ionic compounds are dissolved in water, the ions split apart from each other (dissociation)
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3. Properties of Acids Most acids… Taste sour
React w/many metals to form H2 gas
Are corrosive (appears to “eat away” materials while reacting)
Have a chemical formula that begins with H
Zinc Metal + Hydrochloric Acid  ??
Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) 
Predict the type of reaction based on the reactants!
Single-Displacement
Predict the products of this reaction.
H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq)
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4. Common Acids Citric Acid Lactic Acid Acetic Acid (HC2H3O2)
Found in citrus fruits
Used as a preservative
Lactic Acid
Found in yogurt
Produced by our muscles when they are overworked
Acetic Acid (HC2H3O2)
Vinegar
Carbonic Acid ( H2CO3) or Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
Found in soft drinks
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Found in our stomachs- aids in food digestion
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5. Bases
A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water
When bases/ ionic compounds are dissolved in water, the ions split apart from each other (dissociation)
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6. Properties of Bases Most bases… Taste bitter Feel slippery
Are corrosive (appears to “eat away” materials while reacting)
Have a chemical formula that ends with OH
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7. Common Bases Ammonia Cleaners and fertilizers Sodium hydroxide
Used in soaps and drain cleaners
Magnesium hydroxide
An ingredient found in antacids

8. Indicators
Indicators are used to determine if a substance is an acid or a base
An indicator changes a specific color when in the presence of an acid or a base
Litmus Paper: indicator made of a special filter paper that contains dyes extracted from lichens (the crusty “stuff” that grows in rocks)
Blue litmus turns red in an ACID
Red litmus turns blue in a BASE
Why do you think it’s important to test an unknown substance with both types of litmus paper?
If one type of litmus paper does not change color, that does not guarantee that the other type of litmus paper will change color (i.e. water)

9. pH The pH scale can also help us classify solutions as acids or bases
pH is a measure of the amount of H+ ions in a solution (potential hydrogen)
The more H+ ions, the lower the pH, the more acidic the solution

10. pH Scale
7 < pH ≤ 14

11. Color of Blue Litmus Paper Color of Red Litmus Paper
Complete the following chart by telling whether the pH represents an acid, base or neutral substance.
Also tell what color each type of litmus paper will turn at that pH level. pH
Acid/Base/Neutral
Color of Blue Litmus Paper
Color of Red Litmus Paper 2 8 4 7 13

12. Strength vs Concentration
When describing acids and bases, strength and concentration do not mean the same thing!
Strength refers to the ability of the acid/base to dissociate in solution
pH measures this
Dissociation refers to the ability of an ionic compound to break apart into ions
Concentration refers to the amount of acid/base dissolved in solution.
An acid or base will have the same pH, regardless of how concentrated it is
Just because you add water to dilute it, it’s still going to have the same amount of H+ ions, they’ll just be spread out more

13. Strong/Weak Acids & Bases
When a strong acid/base dissolves in water, nearly all of the acid/base molecules will dissociate into ions
The greater the ability to dissociate, the more potential the acid or base has for being dangerous because there are more ions available to react
When a weak acid/base dissolves in water, only a small fraction of the acid/base molecules dissociate (dissociate partially)
With less ions in solution, there is less potential for danger because there are less ions available to react
Hydrogen
Hydrogen

14. Strong/Weak Acids Examples
Strong Acids
1. HCl – hydrochloric acid – stomach acid
2. H2SO4 – sulfuric acid – battery acid
3. HNO3 – nitric acid
Weak Acids:
1. HC2H3O2 – acetic acid – vinegar
2. H3C6H5O7 –citric acid –citrus fruits

15. Strong/Weak Bases Examples
Strong Bases:
1. NaOH – sodium hydroxide
2. Any alkali or alkaline earth metal with OH-
(i.e. KOH – potassium hydroxide)
Weak Bases:
1. Al(OH)3 – aluminum hydroxide – often found in deodorants
2. NH4OH – ammonium hydroxide (ammonia) –used in many cleaning products

16. Neutralization
Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that takes place in a water solution
When acids and bases react, the H+ ions from the acid react with the OH- ions from the base to form HOH (H2O - water!)
The overall pH becomes “neutral”
Many people that suffer from heartburn will take antacids to ease their symptoms (i.e TUMS). How do you think antacids work?
The stomach is acidic due to HCl and antacids are basic. A neutralization reaction occurs!

17. Salts
The ions that are left behind after the H+ and OH- ions form water, combine to form a salt
A salt is a compound that forms when the negative ions from the acid combine with the positive ions from the base
Acid + Base  Water + Salt
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)  H2O(l) + KCl(aq)
What type of reaction is a neutralization reaction?
Double-Displacement
Name the salt produced in this neutralization reaction.
Potassium chloride

18. Color of Blue Litmus Paper Color of Red Litmus Paper
Classify each of the following compounds as an acid, base or salt.  
Then indicate what color each type of litmus paper will turn when placed in this substance.
Acid/Base/Salt
Color of Blue Litmus Paper
Color of Red Litmus Paper
NaOH
HCl
Ba(OH)2
Al(NO3)3
H2SO4