1. Medical Terminology Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

2. Categories of Medical Terms Descriptive – descriptive medical terms describes the shape, size, color, function etc. of the anatomical structure. Eponyms – literally “putting a name upon” - are used to honor someone who first discovered or described an anatomical structure, diagnosed a disease, or developed a medical instrument or procedure. – Eponyms give no useful information about what the item is or where it is located.

3. Objectives Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. – Do not simply memorize terms. – Break words up into their component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. – The medical terms will be easier to understand if you know their context in health and disease processes. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. – Some medical terms are pronounced alike, but spelled differently (i.e. ilium and ileum). – Some medical terms are similar and a mispronunciation can lead to a misunderstanding (i.e. urethra and ureter).

4. Elements of medical terms Root – the root is the foundation of the word. All medical words have one or more roots. Prefix – word beginning. Usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning. Suffix – word ending. Modifies the central meaning. Combining vowel – usuallu an “o”. Links the root to a suffix or another root. Combining form – combination of the root plus the combining vowel.

5. 3 General Rules 1. Read the meaning of the medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across. 2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”. 3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not “gastrentology”.

6. Common prefixes and suffixes Itis = inflammation (tonsillitis, appendicitis, hepatitis) Osis = abnormal condition (cyanosis) Ectomy = to cut out [remove] (appendectomy, tonsillectomy) Otomy = to cut into (tracheotomy) Ostomy = to make a [mouth] (colostomy) A / an = without / none (anemia, areflexia)

7. Common prefixes and suffixes Micro = small (microscopic) Macro = large (macroscopic) Mega / megaly = enlarged (megacolon, organomegaly) Scopy / scopic = to look / observe (colonoscopy) Graphy / graph = recording an image (mammography) Gram = the image (mammogram) Ology / ologist = study / specialize in (cardiologist, rheumatology)

8. Word Roots for organs RootMeaningExample StomatoMouthStomatitis DentoTeethDentist Glosso / linguoTongueGlossitis, lingual gland GingivoGumsGingivitis EncephaloBrainEncephalitis GastroStomachGastritis EnteroIntestineGastroenteritis ColoLarge intestineColitis, megacolon

9. Word Roots for organs RootMeaningExample ProctoAnus / rectumProctitis, proctologist HepatoLiverHepatitis, hepatomegaly Nephro / reneKidneyNephrosis, renal OrchisoTestisOrchiditis OophoroOvaryOophorectomy Hystero / metroUterusHysterectomy, endometritis SalpingoUterine tubesHysterosalpingogram DermoSkinDermatitis

10. Word Roots for organs RootMeaningExample Masto / mammoBreastMammography, mastectomy OsteoBonesOsteoporosis CardioHeartElectrocardiogram CystoBladderCystitis RhinoNoseRhinitis Phlebo / venoVeinsPhlebitis, phlebotomy Pneumo / pulmoLungPneumonitis, pulmonologist Hemo / emiaBloodHematologist, anemia

11. Colors

12. Structural Organization of the Body CELL—the fundamental unit of all living things

13. Study Section 1 metabolism anabolism catabolism cell membrane chromosomes cytoplasm DNA endoplasmic reticulum genes Karyotype mitochondria nucleus

14. Body Cavities Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).

15. Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities

16. Abdominopelvic Regions

17. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

18. Anatomical Divisions of the Back

19. Positional and Directional Terms

21. Chapter 5 Digestive System 21

22. Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth Digestion—Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract. – Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients. Proteins → amino acids Sugars → glucose Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides

23. Introduction: Absorption Digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine. Nutrients travel to all cells of the body Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.

25. Small Intestine Villi in the lining of the small intestine

26. Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine

27. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

28. Chapter 7 Urinary System Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28

29. Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d) Organs of the Urinary System in a Male

30. Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d) Female Urinary System

31. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)  Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries  Arterioles carry blood to capillaries  Glomeruli filter blood

32. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.

33. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis Illustration shows section of kidney

34. Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System 34

35. I ntroduction Gametes (ovum and sperm cell)  Gametes are produced in the gonads.  Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.

36. I ntroduction Fertilization  An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube.  Fertilization takes place if sperm cells. are present and unite with the ovum.  Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).

37.  Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view. Organs of the Female Reproductive System

38. Organs of the Female Reproduction System  Organs of the female reproductive system anterior view

39. Organs of the Female Reproductive System ● The Breast sagittal view

40. Menstruation and Pregnancy A, Implantation in the uterus B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

41. COMBINING FORMS amni/oamnion cervic/ocervix, neck chori/ochorion chorion/ochorion colp/ovagina Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

42. COMBINING FORMS  culd/ocul-de-sac  episi/ovulva  galact/omilk  gynec/owoman, female  hyster/outerus, womb Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

43. COMBINING FORMS lact/omilk mamm/obreast mast/obreast men/omenses, menstruation metr/outerus Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

44. COMBINING FORMS my/omuscle myom/omuscle tumor nat/ibirth obstetr/omidwife o/o egg Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

45. COMBINING FORMS oophor/oovary ov/oegg ovari/oovary ovul/oegg perine/operineum Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

46. COMBINING FORMS phor/oto bear salping/ofallopian tubes uter/outerus vagin/ovagina vulv/ovulva Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

47. SUFFIXES -arche beginning -cyesispregnancy -gravidapregnancy -parousto bear, bring forth SuffixMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

48. SUFFIXES -rrheadischarge -salpinxuterine tube -tocialabor, birth -versionact of turning SuffixMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

49. PREFIXES dys-painful endo-within in-in intra-within multi-many SuffixMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

50. PREFIXES nulli-no, not, none pre-before primi-first retro-backward SuffixMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

51. Chapter 9 Male Reproductive System 51

52. Anatomy

53.  Internal structure of the testis and the epididymis

54. Terminology andr/omale balan/openis cry/ocold crypt/ohidden epididym/oepididymis gon/oseed hydr/owater, fluid orch/o, orchi/o,testis, testicle orchid/o Combining FormMeaning

55. Terminology pen/openis prostat/oprostate gland semin/isemen, seed sperm/ospermatozoa, semen terat/omonster test/otestis, testicle varic/ovaricose veins vas/ovessel duct zo/oanimal life Combining FormMeaning

56. Terminology SUFFIXES -genesisformation -onehormone -pexyfixation, put in place -stomynew opening SuffixMeaning

57. Pathologic Conditions

58. Cardiovascular System

59. Anatomy of the Heart

60. Conduction System of the Heart

61. Combining Forms and Terminology  angi/ovessel  aort/oaorta  arter/oartery  arteri/oartery  ather/oyellowish plaque  atri/oatrium Combining FormMeaning

62. Combining Forms and Terminology  brachi/oarm  cardi/o heart  cholesterol/ocholesterol  coron/oheart  cyan/oblue  myx/omucus Combining FormMeaning

63. Combining Forms and Terminology ox/ooxygen pericardi/opericardium phleb/ovein sphygm/opulse steth/ochest thromb/oclot Combining FormMeaning

64. Combining Forms and Terminology valvul/ovalve valv/ovalve vas/ovessel vascul/ovessel ven/o, ven/ivein ventricul/oventricle Combining FormMeaning

65. Cardiovascular System and Blood

66. Cell Types and Function Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen Leukocytes: white blood cells Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood

67. Combining Forms and Terminology  bas/obase  chrom/ocolor  coagul/oclotting  cyt/ocell  eosin/ored, dawn, rosy  erythr/ored Combining FormMeaning

68. Terminology granul/ogranules hem/o blood hemat/oblood hemoglobin/ohemoglobin is/osame, equal kary/onucleus Combining FormMeaning

69. Combining Forms and Terminology  leuk/owhite  mon/oone, single  morph/oshape, form  myel/obone marrow  neutr/oneutral  nucle/onucleus Combining FormMeaning

70. Terminology  phag/oeat, swallow  poikil/ovaried, irregular  sider/oiron  spher/oglobe, round  thromb/oclot Combining FormMeaning

71. Suffixes  -apheresis  -blast  -cyte  -cytosis  -emia  -globin  -globulin  -lytic -oid -osis -penia -phage -philia -phoresis -poiesis -stasis

72. Chapter 14 Lymphatic and Immune Systems 72

73. Location of Lymph Nodes

74. Lymph Nodes

75. Spleen Destroys old red blood cells Destroys old red blood cells Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies) Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies) Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets

76. Thymus Gland Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth. Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth. Makes cells immunocompetent in early life Makes cells immunocompetent in early life Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens

77. Immune System Natural immunity: genetic predisposition Phagocytosis Macrophages Natural killer cells

78. COMBINING FORMS  immun/oprotection  lymph/olymph  lymphaden/olymph node  splen/ospleen  thym/othymus gland  tox/opoison Combining FormMeaning Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology

79. PREFIXES  ana-again, anew  inter-between PrefixMeaning Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology

80. Chapter 12 Respiratory System 80

81. Respiratory Anatomy  Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches  Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung  Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images  Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit

82. Anatomy of Respiration

83. Vocabulary  adenoids  alveolus (alveoli)  apex of the lung  base of the lung  brochioles  bronchus (bronchi)  carbon dioxide

84. Vocabulary cilia diaphragm epiglottis expiration glottis hilum inspiration larynx

85. Vocabulary lobe mediastinum nares oxygen palatine tonsil paranasal sinus parietal pleura

86. Vocabulary pharynx pleura pleural cavity pulmonary parenchyma respiration trachea visceral pleura

87. Combining Forms and Terminology  adenoid/oadenoids  alveol/oalveolus, air sac  bronch/obronchial tube  bronchi/obronchus  bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus  capn/ocarbon dioxide Combining FormMeaning

88. Combining Forms and Terminology  coni/odust  cyan/oblue  epiglott/oepiglottis  laryng/olarynx, voice box  lob/olobe of the lung  mediastin/omediastinum Combining FormMeaning

89. Combining Forms and Terminology  nas/onose  orth/ostraight, upright  ox/ooxygen  pector/ochest  pharyng/opharynx, throat  phon/ovoice Combining FormMeaning

90. Combining Forms and Terminology  phren/odiaphragm  pleur/opleura  pneum/oair, lung  pneumon/olung  pulmon/olung  rhin/onose Combining FormMeaning

91. Combining Forms and Terminology  sinus/osinus cavity  spir/obreathing  tel/ocomplete  thorac/ochest  tonsill/otonsils  trache/otrachea, windpipe Combining FormMeaning

92. Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology SUFFIXES -ema condition -osmiasmell -pneabreathing -ptysisspitting -sphyxiapulse -thoraxpleural cavity, chest SuffixMeaning

93. Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System 93

94. Bone Formation Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone  Cells:  osteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage  osteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone  osteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)

95. Bone Structure (A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure (B) composition of compact (cortical) bone

96. Bone Structure  Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly  Compact bone: contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)  Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation

97. Bone Marrow Yellow marrow: chiefly fat Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones

98. Bone Processes and Depressions  Processes: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons  Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels

99. Bone Processes and Depressions

100. Vertebral Column and Vertebrae

101. Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS COMBINING FORMS  calc/ocalcium  calci/ocalcium  kyph/oposterior curvature in thoracic region  lamin/olamina  lord/ocurve  lumb/oloins, lower back Combining FormMeaning

102. Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS COMBINING FORMS  myel/obone marrow  orth/ostraight  oste/obone  scoli/ocrooked  spondyl/overtebra  vertebr/overtebra Combining FormMeaning

103. Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS SUFFIXES  -blastembryonic cell  -clastto break  -listhesisslipping  -malaciasoftening  -physisto grow  -porosispore, passage  -tomeinstrument to cut SuffixMeaning

104. Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS  acetabul/oacetabulum (hip socket)  calcane/ocalcaneus (heal)  carp/ocarpals (wrist bones)  clavicul/oclavicle (collar bone)  cost/oribs  crani/ocranium (skull) Combining FormMeaning

105. Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS  femor/ofemur (thigh bones)  fibul/ofibula (smaller lower leg bone)  humer/ohumerus (upper arm bone)  ili/oilium (upper part of pelvic bone)  ischi/o ischium (part of pelvic bone)  malleol/omalleolus Combining Form Meaning

106. Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS  mandibul/omandible (lower jaw bone)  maxill/omaxilla (upper jaw bone)  metacarp/ometacarpals (hand bones)  metatars/ometatarsals (foot bones)  olecran/oolecranon (elbow)  patell/opatella (kneecap)  pelv/ipelvis Combining Form Meaning

107. Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS  perone/ofibula  phalang/ophalanges (finger, toe bones)  pub/opubis  radi/oradius  scapul/oscapula (shoulder blade) Combining FormMeaning

108. Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS  stern/osternum (breastbone)  tars/otarsals  tibi/otibia (shin bone)  uln/oulna (lower arm bone) Combining FormMeaning

109. Joints  Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones  Suture joints: immovable (skull)  Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e.g., hip or shoulder), (hinge type, for example, elbow, knee, ankle)

110. Synovial Joints  Joint capsule surrounds bone.  Ligaments band bones together.  Bones are covered by articular cartilage.  Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid.

111. Bursae  Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place  Common sites:  between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones  between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bones  between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)

112. Terminology — Joints COMBINING FORMS  ankyl/ostiff  arthr/ojoint  articul/ojoint  burs/obursa  chondr/ocartilage Combining FormMeaning

113. Terminology — Joints COMBINING FORMS ligament/oligament rheumat/owatery flow synov/osynovial membrane ten/otendon tendin/otendon Combining FormMeaning

114. Terminology — Joints SUFFIXES  -desisto bind, tie together  -stenosisnarrowing SuffixMeaning

115. Muscles Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac Striated: under voluntary control—they move all the bones as well as face and eyes Smooth: control is involuntary—they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands) Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart

116. COMBINING FORMS  fasci/ofacia  fibr/ofibrous  leiomy/osmooth muscle  my/omuscle Combining FormMeaning Terminology Muscles Terminology — Muscles

117. COMBINING FORMS  myocardi/oheart muscle  myos/omuscle  plant/osole of the foot  rhabdomy/oskeletal muscle connected to bones Combining FormMeaning Terminology Muscles Terminology — Muscles

118. SUFFIXES  -asthenialack of strength  -trophydevelopment, nourishment SuffixMeaning Terminology – Muscles

119. PREFIXES ab-away from ad-toward dorsi-back poly-many, much PrefixMeaning Terminology – Muscles

120. Chapter 16 Skin

121. Structure of the Skin Epidermis: outermost, thin cellular membrane Dermis: next layer; dense fibrous, connective tissue Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis): thick, fat-containing tissue

122. Structure of the Skin

123. Acessory Organs of the Skin HAIR: cells filled with the hard protein; keratin  Hair follicles: shafts that hold the hair  Five million hairs on body; 100,000 on head  Melanocytes at the root form the color  Grow.5 inch (1.3 cm) per month  Cutting does not affect growth

124. Accessory Organs of Skin NAILS : hard keratin plates covering toes and fingers  lunula  cuticle  paronychium

125. Accessory Organs of Skin GLANDS: sebaceous and sweat  Sebaceous glands secrete oily sebum into hair follicle to lubricate.  Sweat glands secrete into pores to moisten and cool.  Both are subject to bacterial growth.

126. Accessory Organs of Skin Sebaceous gland, eccrine sweat gland, and apocrine sweat gland.

127. Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS  adip/ofat  albin/owhite  caus/oburn, burning  cauter/oheat, burn  cutane/oskin  derm/o/skin Combining FormMeaning

128. Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS dermat/oskin diaphor/oprofuse sweating erythem/oredness erythemat/oredness hidr/osweat ichthy/oscaly, dry Combining FormMeaning

129. Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS  kerat/ohard, horny tissue  leuk/owhite  lip/ofat  melan/oblack  myc/ofungus  onych/onail Combining FormMeaning

130. Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS phyt/oplant pil/ohair, hair follicle py/opus rhythid/owrinkle seb/osebum squam/oscalelike Combining FormMeaning

131. Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS  steat/ofat  trich/ohair  ungu/onail  xanth/oyellow  xer/odry Combining FormMeaning

132. Colors

133. Chapter 18 Endocrine System 133

134. Introduction Endocrine System  Glands release hormones.  Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.  Hormones bind to receptors.  Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.

135. Introduction Endocrine System  ENDOCRINE glands— Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream  EXOCRINE glands— Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body

136. Endocrine Glands  thyroid gland  parathyroid glands (four glands)  adrenal glands (one pair)  pancreas (islets of Langerhans)  pituitary gland  ovaries (one pair)  testes (one pair)  pineal gland  thymus gland

137. The Endocrine System

139. GLANDS aden/ogland adren/oadrenal glands adrenal/oadrenal glands gonad/osex glands (ovaries, testes) pancreat/opancreas parathyroid/oparathyroid gland Combining FormMeaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology

140. GLANDS pituitar/opituitary gland; hypophysis thyr/othyroid gland thyroid/othyroid gland Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology

141. RELATED FORMS andr/omale calc/o, calici/ocalcium cortic/o cortex, outer region crin/osecrete dips/othirst estr/ofemale gluc/o, glyc/osugar Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology

142. GLANDS home/o sameness hormon/ohormone kal/Ipotassium (an electrolyte) lact/omilk myx/omucus natr/osodium (an electrolyte) Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology

143. GLANDS phys/ogrowing somat/obody ster/osolid structure toc/ochildbirth toxic/oposition ur/ourine Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology

144. SUFFIXES -agonassemble, gather together -emiablood condition -in, -inea substance -tropinstimulating the function of -uriaurine condition Suffix Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology

145. PREFIXES eu-good, normal hyper-excessive, above hypo-deficient, below oxy-rapid, sharp, acid pan-all tetra-four trithree Prefix Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology

146. Chapter 19 Cancer Medicine (Oncology)

147. Introduction Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells Malignant tumors: compress, invade and destroy surrounding tissues

148. Neoplasms (Tumors): growths that arise from normal tissue Characteristics of Tumors Malignant  Multiply rapidly  Invasive and infiltrative  Undifferentiated  Metastasize Benign Grow slowly Encapsulated Differentiated Don’t spread

149. What Causes Cancer?  Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one  Damage to genetic material Genes Nucleotides Mutation Apoptosis  DNA function  Mitosis  Protein synthesis

150. Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS alveol/o cac/o carcin/o cauter/o chem/o cry/o cyst/o fibr/o follicul/o fung/i medull/o mucos/o mut/a mutagen/o onc/o papill/o pharmac/o plas/o ple/o polyp/o prot/o radi/o sarc/o scirrh/o xer/o

151. Suffixes Prefixes -blastoma -genesis -oma -plasia -plasm -suppression -therapy ana- apo- brachy- epi- meta- tele-