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Medical Terminology Dr. Michael P. Gillespie
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Categories of Medical Terms Descriptive – descriptive medical terms describes the shape, size, color, function etc. of the anatomical structure. Eponyms – literally “putting a name upon” - are used to honor someone who first discovered or described an anatomical structure, diagnosed a disease, or developed a medical instrument or procedure. – Eponyms give no useful information about what the item is or where it is located.
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Objectives Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. – Do not simply memorize terms. – Break words up into their component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. – The medical terms will be easier to understand if you know their context in health and disease processes. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. – Some medical terms are pronounced alike, but spelled differently (i.e. ilium and ileum). – Some medical terms are similar and a mispronunciation can lead to a misunderstanding (i.e. urethra and ureter).
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Elements of medical terms Root – the root is the foundation of the word. All medical words have one or more roots. Prefix – word beginning. Usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning. Suffix – word ending. Modifies the central meaning. Combining vowel – usuallu an “o”. Links the root to a suffix or another root. Combining form – combination of the root plus the combining vowel.
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3 General Rules 1. Read the meaning of the medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across. 2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”. 3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not “gastrentology”.
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Common prefixes and suffixes Itis = inflammation (tonsillitis, appendicitis, hepatitis) Osis = abnormal condition (cyanosis) Ectomy = to cut out [remove] (appendectomy, tonsillectomy) Otomy = to cut into (tracheotomy) Ostomy = to make a [mouth] (colostomy) A / an = without / none (anemia, areflexia)
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Common prefixes and suffixes Micro = small (microscopic) Macro = large (macroscopic) Mega / megaly = enlarged (megacolon, organomegaly) Scopy / scopic = to look / observe (colonoscopy) Graphy / graph = recording an image (mammography) Gram = the image (mammogram) Ology / ologist = study / specialize in (cardiologist, rheumatology)
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Word Roots for organs RootMeaningExample StomatoMouthStomatitis DentoTeethDentist Glosso / linguoTongueGlossitis, lingual gland GingivoGumsGingivitis EncephaloBrainEncephalitis GastroStomachGastritis EnteroIntestineGastroenteritis ColoLarge intestineColitis, megacolon
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Word Roots for organs RootMeaningExample ProctoAnus / rectumProctitis, proctologist HepatoLiverHepatitis, hepatomegaly Nephro / reneKidneyNephrosis, renal OrchisoTestisOrchiditis OophoroOvaryOophorectomy Hystero / metroUterusHysterectomy, endometritis SalpingoUterine tubesHysterosalpingogram DermoSkinDermatitis
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Word Roots for organs RootMeaningExample Masto / mammoBreastMammography, mastectomy OsteoBonesOsteoporosis CardioHeartElectrocardiogram CystoBladderCystitis RhinoNoseRhinitis Phlebo / venoVeinsPhlebitis, phlebotomy Pneumo / pulmoLungPneumonitis, pulmonologist Hemo / emiaBloodHematologist, anemia
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Colors
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Structural Organization of the Body CELL—the fundamental unit of all living things
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Study Section 1 metabolism anabolism catabolism cell membrane chromosomes cytoplasm DNA endoplasmic reticulum genes Karyotype mitochondria nucleus
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Body Cavities Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Anatomical Divisions of the Back
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Positional and Directional Terms
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Chapter 5 Digestive System 21
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Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth Digestion—Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract. – Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients. Proteins → amino acids Sugars → glucose Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides
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Introduction: Absorption Digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine. Nutrients travel to all cells of the body Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.
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Small Intestine Villi in the lining of the small intestine
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Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Chapter 7 Urinary System Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28
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Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d) Organs of the Urinary System in a Male
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Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d) Female Urinary System
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries Arterioles carry blood to capillaries Glomeruli filter blood
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis Illustration shows section of kidney
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Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System 34
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I ntroduction Gametes (ovum and sperm cell) Gametes are produced in the gonads. Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.
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I ntroduction Fertilization An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube. Fertilization takes place if sperm cells. are present and unite with the ovum. Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).
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Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view. Organs of the Female Reproductive System
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Organs of the Female Reproduction System Organs of the female reproductive system anterior view
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Organs of the Female Reproductive System ● The Breast sagittal view
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Menstruation and Pregnancy A, Implantation in the uterus B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
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COMBINING FORMS amni/oamnion cervic/ocervix, neck chori/ochorion chorion/ochorion colp/ovagina Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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COMBINING FORMS culd/ocul-de-sac episi/ovulva galact/omilk gynec/owoman, female hyster/outerus, womb Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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COMBINING FORMS lact/omilk mamm/obreast mast/obreast men/omenses, menstruation metr/outerus Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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COMBINING FORMS my/omuscle myom/omuscle tumor nat/ibirth obstetr/omidwife o/o egg Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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COMBINING FORMS oophor/oovary ov/oegg ovari/oovary ovul/oegg perine/operineum Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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COMBINING FORMS phor/oto bear salping/ofallopian tubes uter/outerus vagin/ovagina vulv/ovulva Combining FormMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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SUFFIXES -arche beginning -cyesispregnancy -gravidapregnancy -parousto bear, bring forth SuffixMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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SUFFIXES -rrheadischarge -salpinxuterine tube -tocialabor, birth -versionact of turning SuffixMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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PREFIXES dys-painful endo-within in-in intra-within multi-many SuffixMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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PREFIXES nulli-no, not, none pre-before primi-first retro-backward SuffixMeaning Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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Chapter 9 Male Reproductive System 51
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Anatomy
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Internal structure of the testis and the epididymis
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Terminology andr/omale balan/openis cry/ocold crypt/ohidden epididym/oepididymis gon/oseed hydr/owater, fluid orch/o, orchi/o,testis, testicle orchid/o Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology pen/openis prostat/oprostate gland semin/isemen, seed sperm/ospermatozoa, semen terat/omonster test/otestis, testicle varic/ovaricose veins vas/ovessel duct zo/oanimal life Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology SUFFIXES -genesisformation -onehormone -pexyfixation, put in place -stomynew opening SuffixMeaning
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Pathologic Conditions
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Cardiovascular System
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Anatomy of the Heart
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Conduction System of the Heart
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Combining Forms and Terminology angi/ovessel aort/oaorta arter/oartery arteri/oartery ather/oyellowish plaque atri/oatrium Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology brachi/oarm cardi/o heart cholesterol/ocholesterol coron/oheart cyan/oblue myx/omucus Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology ox/ooxygen pericardi/opericardium phleb/ovein sphygm/opulse steth/ochest thromb/oclot Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology valvul/ovalve valv/ovalve vas/ovessel vascul/ovessel ven/o, ven/ivein ventricul/oventricle Combining FormMeaning
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Cardiovascular System and Blood
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Cell Types and Function Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen Leukocytes: white blood cells Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood
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Combining Forms and Terminology bas/obase chrom/ocolor coagul/oclotting cyt/ocell eosin/ored, dawn, rosy erythr/ored Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology granul/ogranules hem/o blood hemat/oblood hemoglobin/ohemoglobin is/osame, equal kary/onucleus Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology leuk/owhite mon/oone, single morph/oshape, form myel/obone marrow neutr/oneutral nucle/onucleus Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology phag/oeat, swallow poikil/ovaried, irregular sider/oiron spher/oglobe, round thromb/oclot Combining FormMeaning
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Suffixes -apheresis -blast -cyte -cytosis -emia -globin -globulin -lytic -oid -osis -penia -phage -philia -phoresis -poiesis -stasis
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Chapter 14 Lymphatic and Immune Systems 72
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Location of Lymph Nodes
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Lymph Nodes
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Spleen Destroys old red blood cells Destroys old red blood cells Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies) Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies) Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets
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Thymus Gland Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth. Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth. Makes cells immunocompetent in early life Makes cells immunocompetent in early life Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens
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Immune System Natural immunity: genetic predisposition Phagocytosis Macrophages Natural killer cells
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COMBINING FORMS immun/oprotection lymph/olymph lymphaden/olymph node splen/ospleen thym/othymus gland tox/opoison Combining FormMeaning Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology
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PREFIXES ana-again, anew inter-between PrefixMeaning Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology
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Chapter 12 Respiratory System 80
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Respiratory Anatomy Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit
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Anatomy of Respiration
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Vocabulary adenoids alveolus (alveoli) apex of the lung base of the lung brochioles bronchus (bronchi) carbon dioxide
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Vocabulary cilia diaphragm epiglottis expiration glottis hilum inspiration larynx
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Vocabulary lobe mediastinum nares oxygen palatine tonsil paranasal sinus parietal pleura
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Vocabulary pharynx pleura pleural cavity pulmonary parenchyma respiration trachea visceral pleura
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Combining Forms and Terminology adenoid/oadenoids alveol/oalveolus, air sac bronch/obronchial tube bronchi/obronchus bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus capn/ocarbon dioxide Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology coni/odust cyan/oblue epiglott/oepiglottis laryng/olarynx, voice box lob/olobe of the lung mediastin/omediastinum Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology nas/onose orth/ostraight, upright ox/ooxygen pector/ochest pharyng/opharynx, throat phon/ovoice Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology phren/odiaphragm pleur/opleura pneum/oair, lung pneumon/olung pulmon/olung rhin/onose Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms and Terminology sinus/osinus cavity spir/obreathing tel/ocomplete thorac/ochest tonsill/otonsils trache/otrachea, windpipe Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology SUFFIXES -ema condition -osmiasmell -pneabreathing -ptysisspitting -sphyxiapulse -thoraxpleural cavity, chest SuffixMeaning
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Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System 93
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Bone Formation Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone Cells: osteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage osteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone osteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)
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Bone Structure (A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure (B) composition of compact (cortical) bone
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Bone Structure Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly Compact bone: contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat) Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation
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Bone Marrow Yellow marrow: chiefly fat Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones
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Bone Processes and Depressions Processes: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels
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Bone Processes and Depressions
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Vertebral Column and Vertebrae
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Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS COMBINING FORMS calc/ocalcium calci/ocalcium kyph/oposterior curvature in thoracic region lamin/olamina lord/ocurve lumb/oloins, lower back Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS COMBINING FORMS myel/obone marrow orth/ostraight oste/obone scoli/ocrooked spondyl/overtebra vertebr/overtebra Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology — Bones GENERAL TERMS SUFFIXES -blastembryonic cell -clastto break -listhesisslipping -malaciasoftening -physisto grow -porosispore, passage -tomeinstrument to cut SuffixMeaning
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Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS acetabul/oacetabulum (hip socket) calcane/ocalcaneus (heal) carp/ocarpals (wrist bones) clavicul/oclavicle (collar bone) cost/oribs crani/ocranium (skull) Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS femor/ofemur (thigh bones) fibul/ofibula (smaller lower leg bone) humer/ohumerus (upper arm bone) ili/oilium (upper part of pelvic bone) ischi/o ischium (part of pelvic bone) malleol/omalleolus Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS mandibul/omandible (lower jaw bone) maxill/omaxilla (upper jaw bone) metacarp/ometacarpals (hand bones) metatars/ometatarsals (foot bones) olecran/oolecranon (elbow) patell/opatella (kneecap) pelv/ipelvis Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS perone/ofibula phalang/ophalanges (finger, toe bones) pub/opubis radi/oradius scapul/oscapula (shoulder blade) Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology — Bones TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES COMBINING FORMS stern/osternum (breastbone) tars/otarsals tibi/otibia (shin bone) uln/oulna (lower arm bone) Combining FormMeaning
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Joints Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones Suture joints: immovable (skull) Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e.g., hip or shoulder), (hinge type, for example, elbow, knee, ankle)
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Synovial Joints Joint capsule surrounds bone. Ligaments band bones together. Bones are covered by articular cartilage. Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid.
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Bursae Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place Common sites: between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bones between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)
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Terminology — Joints COMBINING FORMS ankyl/ostiff arthr/ojoint articul/ojoint burs/obursa chondr/ocartilage Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology — Joints COMBINING FORMS ligament/oligament rheumat/owatery flow synov/osynovial membrane ten/otendon tendin/otendon Combining FormMeaning
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Terminology — Joints SUFFIXES -desisto bind, tie together -stenosisnarrowing SuffixMeaning
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Muscles Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac Striated: under voluntary control—they move all the bones as well as face and eyes Smooth: control is involuntary—they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands) Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart
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COMBINING FORMS fasci/ofacia fibr/ofibrous leiomy/osmooth muscle my/omuscle Combining FormMeaning Terminology Muscles Terminology — Muscles
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COMBINING FORMS myocardi/oheart muscle myos/omuscle plant/osole of the foot rhabdomy/oskeletal muscle connected to bones Combining FormMeaning Terminology Muscles Terminology — Muscles
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SUFFIXES -asthenialack of strength -trophydevelopment, nourishment SuffixMeaning Terminology – Muscles
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PREFIXES ab-away from ad-toward dorsi-back poly-many, much PrefixMeaning Terminology – Muscles
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Chapter 16 Skin
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Structure of the Skin Epidermis: outermost, thin cellular membrane Dermis: next layer; dense fibrous, connective tissue Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis): thick, fat-containing tissue
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Structure of the Skin
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Acessory Organs of the Skin HAIR: cells filled with the hard protein; keratin Hair follicles: shafts that hold the hair Five million hairs on body; 100,000 on head Melanocytes at the root form the color Grow.5 inch (1.3 cm) per month Cutting does not affect growth
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Accessory Organs of Skin NAILS : hard keratin plates covering toes and fingers lunula cuticle paronychium
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Accessory Organs of Skin GLANDS: sebaceous and sweat Sebaceous glands secrete oily sebum into hair follicle to lubricate. Sweat glands secrete into pores to moisten and cool. Both are subject to bacterial growth.
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Accessory Organs of Skin Sebaceous gland, eccrine sweat gland, and apocrine sweat gland.
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Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS adip/ofat albin/owhite caus/oburn, burning cauter/oheat, burn cutane/oskin derm/o/skin Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS dermat/oskin diaphor/oprofuse sweating erythem/oredness erythemat/oredness hidr/osweat ichthy/oscaly, dry Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS kerat/ohard, horny tissue leuk/owhite lip/ofat melan/oblack myc/ofungus onych/onail Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS phyt/oplant pil/ohair, hair follicle py/opus rhythid/owrinkle seb/osebum squam/oscalelike Combining FormMeaning
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Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS steat/ofat trich/ohair ungu/onail xanth/oyellow xer/odry Combining FormMeaning
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Colors
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Chapter 18 Endocrine System 133
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Introduction Endocrine System Glands release hormones. Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism. Hormones bind to receptors. Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.
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Introduction Endocrine System ENDOCRINE glands— Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream EXOCRINE glands— Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body
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Endocrine Glands thyroid gland parathyroid glands (four glands) adrenal glands (one pair) pancreas (islets of Langerhans) pituitary gland ovaries (one pair) testes (one pair) pineal gland thymus gland
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The Endocrine System
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GLANDS aden/ogland adren/oadrenal glands adrenal/oadrenal glands gonad/osex glands (ovaries, testes) pancreat/opancreas parathyroid/oparathyroid gland Combining FormMeaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology
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GLANDS pituitar/opituitary gland; hypophysis thyr/othyroid gland thyroid/othyroid gland Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology
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RELATED FORMS andr/omale calc/o, calici/ocalcium cortic/o cortex, outer region crin/osecrete dips/othirst estr/ofemale gluc/o, glyc/osugar Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology
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GLANDS home/o sameness hormon/ohormone kal/Ipotassium (an electrolyte) lact/omilk myx/omucus natr/osodium (an electrolyte) Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology
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GLANDS phys/ogrowing somat/obody ster/osolid structure toc/ochildbirth toxic/oposition ur/ourine Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology
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SUFFIXES -agonassemble, gather together -emiablood condition -in, -inea substance -tropinstimulating the function of -uriaurine condition Suffix Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology
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PREFIXES eu-good, normal hyper-excessive, above hypo-deficient, below oxy-rapid, sharp, acid pan-all tetra-four trithree Prefix Meaning Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology
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Chapter 19 Cancer Medicine (Oncology)
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Introduction Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells Malignant tumors: compress, invade and destroy surrounding tissues
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Neoplasms (Tumors): growths that arise from normal tissue Characteristics of Tumors Malignant Multiply rapidly Invasive and infiltrative Undifferentiated Metastasize Benign Grow slowly Encapsulated Differentiated Don’t spread
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What Causes Cancer? Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one Damage to genetic material Genes Nucleotides Mutation Apoptosis DNA function Mitosis Protein synthesis
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Combining Forms COMBINING FORMS alveol/o cac/o carcin/o cauter/o chem/o cry/o cyst/o fibr/o follicul/o fung/i medull/o mucos/o mut/a mutagen/o onc/o papill/o pharmac/o plas/o ple/o polyp/o prot/o radi/o sarc/o scirrh/o xer/o
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Suffixes Prefixes -blastoma -genesis -oma -plasia -plasm -suppression -therapy ana- apo- brachy- epi- meta- tele-
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