1. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Introduction Module 1 The Start of Life

2. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. EARLIEST DEVELOPMENT

3. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Beginning of Life Gametes from male and female join –Ovum and sperm Fused gametes create zygote 34

4. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Code of Life Genes –DNA Chromosomes –Rod-shaped DNA portions in 23 pairs –Contain genetic blueprint for individuals –Replicate through mitosis 34

5. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. And baby makes two or three or more! Multiple births Monozygotic Dizygotic 35

6. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. What causes multiple births? Fertility drugs Racial, ethnic, and national differences 35

7. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Mixing and Matching of Genes Basics of genetics –DOMINANT TRAITS –RECESSIVE TRAITS 36

8. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Just the right type GENOTYPE –Homozygous –Heterozygous PHENOTYPE 36

9. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Genetic Information Transmission Let’s turn to Figure 1-6 in the text to examine PKU probabilities 36

10. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Cracking the Genetic Code The Human Genome National Human Genome Research Institute (http://www.genome.gov/)http://www.genome.gov/ 38

11. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. When Development Deviates Causes –Genetics –Spontaneous mutation –Environmental insult 38

12. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. When Development Deviates Consequences –Down Syndrome –Fragile X Syndrome –Sickle-cell Anemia –Tay-Sachs Disease –Klinefelter’s Syndrome 39

13. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. THE INTERACTION OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

14. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. What do you think? A given behavior is not caused just by genetic factors, nor is it caused solely by environmental factors.

15. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Studying Development Nonhuman animal studies –Controlling genetics and environment Human studies –Adoption –Twin studies –Family studies 44

16. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Nature, Nurture, and Intelligence Relative contributions of nature and nurture highly researched Closer genetic link = greater correspondence of overall IQ scores 46

17. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Genetics and I.Q. 46

18. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Do we inherit our personality?

19. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. A link look Two of “Big Five” personality traits linked to genetic factors: –Neuroticism –Extroversion 47

20. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. What evidence supports this claim? 48

21. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. What about environmental influences? Culture Parental encouragement 48

22. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Fundamental Principle Within debate about relative influence of nature and nurture –Role of genetics is often to produce tendency toward future course of development –Role of environment affects when and whether a certain behavioral characteristic will actually be displayed 50

23. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Gene-environmental Influence Sandra Scarr suggests three ways child’s genetic predisposition may influence his or her environment: –Active –Passive –Evocative 50

24. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. PRENATAL GROWTH AND CHANGE

25. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Fertilization Moment of conception –Joining of sperm and ovum = zygote 52

26. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Figure 4.1 Life is sexually transmitted Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

27. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Figure 4.2 Prenatal development Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

28. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Stages of Prenatal Development Germinal Embryonic Fetal 52

29. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Germinal Stage Fertilization  two weeks –Shortest stage –Fertilized egg now called blastocyst –Travels to and implants in uterus –Characterized by methodical cell division –With division comes cell specialization 52

30. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Embryonic Stage 2 weeks  8 weeks –Organism firmly secures to uterus and called an embryo –Development of major organs and basic anatomy Three distinct layers that ultimately form different set of structures: –Ectoderm –Endoderm –Mesoderm 52

31. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Embryonic Stage Every part of body formed with these layers 53

32. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Fetal Stage 8 weeks  Birth –Formally starts when differentiation of major organs has occurred –Organism now called fetus –Characterized by rapid development Organs become more differentiated and begin working Interconnections between body parents become more complex and integrated Brain becomes more sophisticated 53

33. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Pregnancy Problems Infertility Miscarriage Abortion 54

34. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Threats to Development Prenatal environment –Teratogen (See Figure 1-15 for a teratogen sensitivity timeline) 56

35. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Teratogen Sensitivity Timeline

36. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Mother’s Prenatal Influence Mother’s –Diet –Age –Prenatal support –Health –Drug use –Alcohol use –Tobacco use 58

37. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Father’s Prenatal Influence Relatively little research Tobacco use Drug use Alcohol use Treatment of mother 60

38. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Hazards to Prenatal Development Psychoactive drugs –Caffeine –Alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) –Nicotine’s link to SIDS, ADHD, low birth weight –Effect of father’s smoking –Cocaine, marijuana, and heroin –Methamphetamine Environmental hazards and pollutants Prenatal Development

39. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Teratogen: is a substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm the child. Alcohol and tobacco are perhaps the most common and damaging. Mercury, landfills, lead paint Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): combo of retarded growth, face and body malformations, disorders of the nervous system. ADHD symptoms, attention, distractibility, learning difficulties, memory and mood impairment. Nicotine: low birth weight, miscarriage, retardation, still birth, small head syndrome, medical problems.

40. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Marijuana: birth defects, low birth weight, ADHD, learning problems, visual and perceptual skills deficit, impulsivity- impacts frontal lobe. Cocaine: spontaneous abortion, delayed growth, premature labor. Low birth weight, birth defects, neurological deficits; acute withdrawal following birth; overall, significant neurological deficits.

41. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Physical Development— Hazards to Prenatal Development 41

42. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. HIV/AIDS: likely to spread it to fetus. Maternal Illnesses: colds, STDs, general medical problems. Maternal Stress: wide psychological disorders, deformities. Negative emotional/behavioral Over 35: for the mother-diabetes, high BP, severe bleeding. Child- premature birth, birth defects, retarded growth.

43. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Hazards to Prenatal Development Incompatible blood types of parents –Rh-positive and Rh-negative –Maternal diseases like German measles, syphilis, HIV and AIDS Other prenatal factors –Nutrition, prenatal education and care –Maternal age and risks –Maternal emotional states and stress –Paternal factors –Environmental factors Prenatal Development

44. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Becoming an Informed Consumer Optimizing the Prenatal Environment Avoid X-rays and birth control pills; get rubella vaccination Eat well and take prenatal vitamins Avoid alcohol use and other drugs Monitor caffeine intake. Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke Exercise regularly 61