1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tuesday February 22, 2011  What organs make up your Respiratory system?  What is the function of Respiration?  How do muscle contractions move air into/out of lungs?

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agenda & Homework  Modeling Breathing  Discuss Respiratory System

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory System 1. Respiratory zone:  Site of gas exchange  Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli 2. Conducting zone:  Passage for air to reach the sites of gas exchange  Includes all other respiratory structures (e.g., nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)  Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory System Figure 22.1

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Functions of the Respiratory System A. To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide B. Respiration – four distinct processes must happen 1. Pulmonary ventilation – moving air into and out of the lungs 2. External respiration – gas exchange between the lungs and the blood 3. Transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues 4. Internal respiration – gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Function of the Nose  The only externally visible part of the respiratory system that functions by:  Providing an airway for respiration  Moistening and warming the entering air  Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter  Serving as a resonating chamber for speech  Housing the olfactory receptors (receptors for smell; part of the nervous system)

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Nose Figure 22.2b

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2. Nasal Cavity  Inspired air is:  Humidified by the high water content in the nasal cavity  Warmed by rich plexuses of capillaries  Ciliated mucosal cells remove contaminated mucus  Sensitive mucosa triggers sneezing when stimulated by irritating particles

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nasal Cavity

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. Paranasal Sinuses  Spaces in bones that surround the nasal cavity  Sinuses lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4. Pharynx (your throat)  Funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the:  Nasal cavity and mouth  Larynx (voice box) and esophagus  Extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pharynx  It is divided into three regions  Nasopharynx - Strictly an air passageway Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium  Oropharynx - Serves as a common passageway for food and air  Laryngopharynx - Extends to the larynx, where the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5. Larynx (Voice Box)  Continuous with the trachea posteriorly  The three functions of the larynx are: 1. To provide an airway 2. To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels 3. To function in voice production

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Framework of the Larynx  Cartilages (hyaline) of the larynx  Shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage with a midline laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)  Epiglottis – elastic cartilage that covers the trachea (wind pipe) during swallowing

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Framework of the Larynx Figure 22.4a, b

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vocal Ligaments  Composed of elastic fibers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords  The medial opening between them is the glottis  They vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thursday February 24, 2011  Be prepared to turn in your Respiratory Job profile.

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agenda & Homework  Notes Respiratory System  Measuring Lung Capacity Lab  Homework:

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Conducting Zones – Air Passages Figure 22.7

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Trachea  Flexible and mobile tube extending from the larynx into the chest cavity  Lined with mucus producing cells

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2. Bronchi  Air reaching the bronchi is:  Warm and cleansed of impurities  Saturated with water vapor  Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs  Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. Bronchial Tree  As conducting tubes become smaller, structural changes occur  Cartilage support structures change  Epithelium types change  Amount of smooth muscle increases  Bronchioles  Consist of cuboidal epithelium  Have a complete layer of circular smooth muscle  Lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Conducting Zones Figure 22.7

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Zone (Gas exchange) Figure 22.8a

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Zone  Defined by the presence of alveoli  Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveoli  Approximately 300 million alveoli:  Account for most of the lungs’ volume  Provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Zone Figure 22.8a

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Zone Figure 22.8b

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Alveoli  Contain open pores that:  Connect adjacent alveoli  Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equal  House macrophages (WBC) that keep alveolar surfaces sterile

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alveoli: Gas exchange between lungs & blood Figure 22.9b

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alveoli & Gas Exchange Figure 22.9c,d

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs in the Thoracic Cavity Figure 22.10a

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transverse Thoracic Section Figure 22.10c

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs  Cardiac notch (impression) – cavity that accommodates the heart  Left lung – separated into upper and lower lobes  Right lung – separated into three lobes

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart and Lung Connection: A. Pulmonary arteries – supply oxygen poor blood to be oxygenated  Branch profusely, along with bronchi  Ultimately feed into the pulmonary capillary network surrounding the alveoli B. Pulmonary veins – carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings C. Pleurae  Thin, double-layered serosa (fluid/mucus) membrane  Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm  Continues around heart and between lungs  Pneumonia can cause fluid to increase in this membrane!

36. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors That Diminish Lung Compliance  Scar tissue or fibrosis that reduces the natural resilience of the lungs  Blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid  Reduced production of surfactant  Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or its decreased ability to expand

37. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors That Diminish Lung Compliance  Examples include:  Deformities of thorax  Ossification of the costal cartilage  Paralysis of intercostal (rib) muscles

38. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Job Profile of…… a person who works with the Respiratory System  Education required  Job description/nature of work  Specialization areas  Salary  Is there a future in this field?  Could you see yourself as a?  Other interesting information