1. Lakes, Rivers, Streams, and Groundwater

2. Aquifers/ groundwater Principal Watershed Components Lakes Rivers/Streams Swamps/Wetlands Soils Lakes Rivers/Streams Swamps/Wetlands Soils

3. Hydrologic Connections

4. The Florida Example

5. Precambian4.5 Bya to 500 Mya Paleozoic500 Mya to 248 Mya Mesozoic248 Mya to 65 Mya Cenozoic65 Mya to present Geologic Time Line (Earth formation, cooling, oceans, atmosphere, life, oxygen)

6. Approximately 250 million years ago

7. Rifting phase - 250 Mya Breakup of Pangaea Late Triassic, early Jurassic

8. Approximately 150 - 200 million years ago Flooded, stable platform for marine sedimentation FL platform/plateau For the next several million years the platform was dominated by carbonate deposition Late Jurassic High Sea Levels

9. Carbonate Deposition Marine Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate CaCO 3 MgCO 3

10. Florida platform was a flooded, submarine plateau dominated by carbonate deposition FL platform CaCO 3 Between about 150 Mya and 25 Mya

12. Raised above earth’s crust Dominated by carbonates Formed over millions of years Gently sloping The Florida Platform

13. Cenozoic Era Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pliestocene 66-58 MYA 58-37 MYA 37-24 MYA 24-5.3 MYA 5.3-1.8 1.8 MY – 10KYA carbonates Before Miocene

14. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pliestocene 66-58 MYA 58-37 MYA 37-24 MYA 24-5.3 MYA 5.3-1.8 1.8 MY – 10KYA Suwannee Current Georgia Channel

15. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pliestocene 66-58 MYA 58-37 MYA 37-24 MYA 24-5.3 MYA 5.3-1.8 1.8 MY – 10KYA Events: Lifting of the Florida Platform Lowering of Sea Levels, diversion of the Gulf Stream, interruption of Suwannee Current Rejuvenation of Appalachians, increased sediment load Filling of Georgia Channel Rising sea levels, lack of Suwannee Current Continental depositional influence on Fl. platform

16. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pliestocene 66-58 MYA 58-37 MYA 37-24 MYA 24-5.3 MYA 5.3-1.8 1.8 MY – 10KYA Suwannee Current Georgia Channel sediments

17. Siliciclastic Deposition silici- refers to a chemical composition rich in silicate material clastic-refers to the origin of the particles as clasts, products or fragments of silicate rocks. Typical earth materials Silicon-based sands, silts, clays, rocks, rock fragments

18. Sands Limestone sands, silts, clays, rock 25 to 5 Mya Miocene deposits are siliciclastic: sands, silts, clays, rocks

19. Megalodon #MG1 Locality: Hawthorne Formation, South Carolina Age:Miocene Size: 6 inches exactly Virtually flawless museum grade specimen. Perfect serrations, black and gray mottling Price: $785.00 SOLD Miocene sediments are marine sediments

20. In Gainesville, Miocene clays tend to be fairly thick and, in many cases, close to the surface

21. Alfred A. Ring Park 1801 NW 23rd Boulevard—parking at Elks Lodge

22. The thickness of and depth to Miocene sediments varies Up to 40% phosphorus 0-500 ft thick in the North-central part of state Also contains uranium

23. Thin or absent 30 – 200 ft sandy 30 – 200 ft clayey > 200 ft thick Alachua County Sediment Thickness Thinning Miocene Sediments Jurassic To Miocene The thickness of the Miocene sediments has A direct bearing on the formation of springs and sinkholes

24. Carbonate Dissolution Acid (H + ) dissolves calcium carbonate

25. Marine Carbonates Miocene Siliciclastics

26. Limestone Cavities Directly underlies Miocene deposits

27. Miocene Siliciclastics

28. Sinkholes

29. Solution (sinkhole) lakes The most common origin of lake formation in Florida Limestone bedrock is dissolved by acids Land subsidence into dissolved limestone cavity creates depressions filled with water

30. Sinkhole Lakes Lakes are hydrologically connected to each other And with the underlying aquifer system

31. Springs Springs form best when the overlying clay layer is thin.

32. Calcareous streams originate from springs colder temperatures clear water rich in calcium and phosphorus Santa Fe Ichetucknee Weeki Wachee Direct hydrologic connection with the carbonate aquifer

33. Hydrologic Connections